MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) NAME more, page - file perusal filter for crt viewing SYNOPSIS more [ -c ] [ -d ] [ -f ] [ -l ] [ -p ] [ -s ] [ -u ] [ -n ] [ +linenumber ] [ +/pattern ] [ filename... ] DESCRIPTION More is a filter which allows examination of a continuous text one screenful at a time on a soft-copy terminal. It normally pauses after each screenful, printing "--More--" at the bottom of the screen. If the user then types a carriage return, one more line is displayed. If the user hits a space, another screenful is displayed. Other possibilities are enumerated later. If the program is invoked as page, or with the -p option, then the screen is cleared before each screenful is printed (but only if a full screenful is being printed), and k - 1 rather than k - 2 lines are printed in each screenful, where k is the number of lines the terminal can display. More looks in the termcap entry (see TERMCAP in the VARIABLES section) to determine terminal characteristics, and to determine the default window size. On a terminal capable of displaying 24 lines, the default window size is 22 lines. More looks in the environment variable MORE to pre-set any flags desired. For example, if you prefer to view files using the -c mode of operation, the sh command sequence MORE='-c' ; export MORE would cause all invocations of more , including invocations by programs such as man and msgs, to use this mode. The MORE environment variable is only checked for flags, so the preceding - is not required. Normally, the user will place the command sequence which sets up the MORE environment variable in the .profile file. If more is reading from a file, rather than a pipe, then a percentage is displayed along with the --More-- prompt. This gives the fraction of the file (in characters, not lines) that has been read so far. Other sequences which may be typed when more pauses, and their effects, are as follows (i is an optional integer argument, defaulting to 1) : i<space> display i more lines, (or another screenful if no argument is given) Printed 4/6/89 1
MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) i<cr> display i more lines, (or one line if no argument is given). The value of i becomes the new window size. ^D display 11 more lines (a ``scroll''). If i is given, then the scroll size is set to i. d same as ^D (control-D) iz same as typing a space except that i, if present, becomes the new window size. is skip i lines and print a screenful of lines if skip i screenfuls and print a screenful of lines q or Q Exit from more. = Display the current line number. v Start up the editor vi at the current line. h or ? Help command; give a description of all the more commands. i/expr search for the i-th occurrence of the regular expression expr. If there are less than i occurrences of expr, and the input is a file (rather than a pipe), then the position in the file remains unchanged. Otherwise, a screenful is displayed, starting two lines before the place where the expression was found. The user's erase and kill characters may be used to edit the regular expression. Erasing back past the first column cancels the search command. in search for the i-th occurrence of the last regular expression entered. ' (single quote) Go to the point from which the last search started. If no search has been performed in the current file, this command goes back to the beginning of the file. !command invoke a shell with command. The characters `%' and `!' in "command" are replaced with the current file name and the previous shell command respectively. If there is no current file name, `%' is not expanded. The sequences "\%" and "\!" are replaced by "%" and "!" respectively. i:n skip to the i-th next file given in the command line Printed 4/6/89 2
MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) (skips to last file if i doesn't make sense) i:p skip to the i-th previous file given in the command line. If this command is given in the middle of printing out a file, then more goes back to the beginning of the file. If i doesn't make sense, more skips back to the first file. If more is not reading from a file, the bell is rung and nothing else happens. :f display the current file name and line number. :q or :Q exit from more (same as q or Q). . (dot) repeat the previous command. The commands take effect immediately, i.e., it is not necessary to type a carriage return. Up to the time when the command character itself is given, the user may hit the line kill character to cancel the numerical argument being formed. In addition, the user may hit the erase character to redisplay the --More--(xx%) message. At any time when output is being sent to the terminal, the user can hit the quit key (normally control-\). More will stop sending output, and will display the usual --More-- prompt. The user may then enter one of the above commands in the normal manner. Unfortunately, some output is lost when this is done, due to the fact that any characters waiting in the terminal's output queue are flushed when the quit signal occurs. The terminal is set to noecho mode (see stty(1) ) by this program so that the output can be continuous. What you type will thus not show on your terminal, except for the / and ! commands. If the standard output is not a teletype, then more acts just like cat, except that a header is printed before each file (if there is more than one). A sample usage of more in previewing nroff output would be: nroff -ms +2 doc.n | more -s OPTIONS -c More will draw each page by beginning at the top of the screen and erasing each line just before it draws on it. This avoids scrolling the screen, making it easier to read while more is writing. This option will be ignored if the terminal does not have the ability to clear to the Printed 4/6/89 3
MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) end of a line. -d More will prompt the user with the message "Hit space to continue, Q or q to quit" at the end of each screenful. This is useful if more is being used as a filter in some setting, such as a class, where many users may be unsophisticated. -f This causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines. That is, long lines are not folded. This option is recommended if nroff output is being piped through ul, since the latter may generate escape sequences. These escape sequences contain characters which would ordinarily occupy screen positions, but which do not print when they are sent to the terminal as part of an escape sequence. Thus more may think that lines are longer than they actually are, and fold lines erroneously. -l Do not treat ^L (form feed) specially. If this option is not given, more will pause after any line that contains a ^L, as if the end of a screenful had been reached. Also, if a file begins with a form feed, the screen will be cleared before the file is printed. -n An integer which is the size (in lines) of the window which more will use instead of the default. -p More will erase the entire screen before displaying the next page. This is the same as executing page. -s Squeeze multiple empty lines from the output, producing only one empty line (lines with whitespace are not empty). Especially helpful when viewing nroff output, this option maximizes the useful information present on the screen. -u Normally, more will handle underlining and bold characters such as produced by nroff in a manner appropriate to the particular terminal: if the terminal can perform underlining or has a stand-out mode, more will output appropriate escape sequences to enable underlining, bold or stand-out mode for underlined information in the source file. The -u option suppresses this processing. +linenumber Start up at linenumber. +/pattern Start up three lines before the line containing the regular expression pattern. Printed 4/6/89 4
MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) EXAMPLES The following example will display the file text.c starting at line 65. more +65 text.c FILES /etc/termcap Default terminal data base /usr/lib/more.help Help file VARIABLES MORE The options to be used when invoking more. SHELL The user's login shell. Used for shell escapes. TERM The type of terminal being used. TERMCAP The name of the file containing the terminal capability entry, or the entry itself. RETURN VALUE [NO_ERRS] Command completed without error. [USAGE] Incorrect command line syntax. Execution terminated. [NP_WARN] An error warranting a warning message occurred. Execution continues. [P_WARN] A system error occurred. Execution continues. See intro(2) for more information on system errors. [P_ERR] A system error occurred. Execution terminated. See intro(2) for more information on system errors. CAVEATS If no ho string exists in the termcap entry, cursor motion is used to home the cursor when the -c or -p options are used. In these cases, the ti string is printed before text is displayed, and the te string is printed before more exits. The manual page for termcap(5t) describes ti and te as the strings required to enter/exit programs that use cursor motion. This means that te should not clear the screen! If it does, your screen will be cleared when you exit more. Printed 4/6/89 5
MORE(1) COMMAND REFERENCE MORE(1) Lines longer than 1024 characters are separated into 1024 character lines separated by newlines. The 1024 character limit applies to input characters, so a line that contains a large number of backspaces may be separated even if it prints as less than 1024 characters. When more is run on files that are being written or appended, the percentage of the file viewed may be listed as more than 100%. Numbers in the options are scanned sequentially and do not get reset. For example, the commands: more -1f1 more -11f are equivalent. When a line contains a pagefeed (^L), the entire line is displayed at the end of the page, instead of being split up. SEE ALSO man(1man), nroff(1), page(1), sh(1sh), stty(1), ul(1), termcap(5t), and environ(7). Printed 4/6/89 6
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