roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
NAME
roff-charset - special characters for n/troff
DESCRIPTION
nroff(1M) and troff(1M) have a series of special characters, which are
rewritten as \c or \(cc (c stands for a particular character) in the
input text. These special characters include normal 7-bit ASCII char-
acters [see ascii(5)], 8-bit metacharacters [see meta-ascii(5)],
mathematical symbols, the entire Greek alphabet, and other miscellane-
ous characters.
Because of the wider range of (HP-LaserJet or PostScript) printer
options, troff generally recognizes - depending on the version
installed - far more special characters than nroff. Those special
characters that are recognized by both troff and nroff are defined in
the /usr/lib/nterm/tab.name file [see nterm(5)] under the "charset"
entry (name is the name of an output device specified when nroff or
troff is called).
The list below contains only those special characters that are valid
for both nroff and troff. Because a simple 7-bit terminal is used as
an output device for nroff, the characters generated are usually only
useful as an emergency stopgap measure. In this regard, an LP printer
produces far better results.
____________________________________________________________________
| Input nroff Output Name/Meaning |
|___________________________________________________________________|
| \- - current font minus |
| \e \ representation of the actual escape |
| character (standard: \) |
| \' ' acute accent (see NOTES towards the end) |
| \` ` grave accent |
| \(!= ≠ not equal |
| \(** * asterisk |
| \(+- + plus-minus |
| \(-> -> right arrow |
| \(<- <- left arrow |
| \(<= < less than or equal to |
| \(>= > greater than or equal to |
| \(== = identically equal |
| \(~= ≅ approximately equal |
| \(12 1/2 one-half |
| \(14 1/4 one-fourth |
| \(34 3/4 three-fourth |
| \(Fi ffi ffi ligature |
| \(Fl ffl ffl ligature |
| \(ff ff ff ligature |
| \(fi fi fi ligature |
|___________________________________________________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
____________________________________________________________________
| Input nroff Output Name/Meaning |
|___________________________________________________________________|
| \(fl fl fl ligature |
| \(aa ' acute accent (see NOTES towards the end) |
| \(ap ~ approximates |
| \(br | box vertical rule |
| \(bu ⊕ bullet |
| \(bv | bold vertical |
| \(ca (^) cap (intersection) |
| \(cf ^ circumflex |
| \(ci O circle |
| \(co © copyright |
| \(ct ¢ cent sign |
| \(cu U cup (union) |
| \(da ↓ down arrow |
| \(dd ‡ double dagger |
| \(de o degree |
| \(dg † dagger |
| \(di -
: divide |
| \(em - 3/4 em dash |
| \(eq = math equals |
| \(es ∅ empty set |
| \(fm ' foot mark |
| \(ga ` grave accent |
| \(gr V
~ gradient |
| \(hy - hyphen |
| \(ib (≅ improper subset |
| \(if oo infinity |
| \(ip ≅) improper superset |
| \(is ∫ integral sign |
| \(lb ( left bottom |
| \(lc | left ceiling |
| \(lf | left floor |
| \(lh <= left hand |
| \(lk | left center of big curly bracket |
| \(lt ( left top |
| \(mi - math minus |
| \(mo ∈ member of |
| \(mu x multiply |
| \(no - not |
| \(or | or |
| \(pd 6 partial derivative |
| \(pl + math plus |
| \(pt oc proportional to |
| \(rb ) right bottom |
| \(rc | right ceiling |
| \(rf | right floor |
| \(rg ® registered |
| \(rh => right hand |
|___________________________________________________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
____________________________________________________________________
| Input nroff Output Name/Meaning |
|___________________________________________________________________|
| \(rk | right center of big curly bracket |
| _ |
| \(rn root en extender |
| \(rt ) right top |
| \(ru _ rule |
| \(sb (~ subset of |
| \(sc f
j section |
| \(sl / slash |
| \(sp ~) superset of |
| \(sq [] square |
| \(sr \/ square root |
| \(ua ↑ up arrow |
| \(ul _ underrule |
| \(*A A Alpha |
| \(*B B Beta |
| \(*G Γ~ Gamma |
| \(*D /\ Delta |
| \(*E E Epsilon |
| \(*Z Z Zeta |
| \(*Y H Eta |
| \(*H -
O Theta |
| \(*I I Iota |
| \(*K K Kappa |
| \(*L /\ Lambda |
| \(*M M My |
| \(*N N Ny |
| \(*C -
~ Xi |
| \(*O O Omikron |
| \(*P ΓΓ Pi |
| \(*R P Rho |
| \(*S ≳ Sigma |
| \(*T T Tau |
| \(*U Y Ypsilon |
| \(*F O
| Phi |
| \(*X X Chi |
| \(*Q U
| Psi |
| \(*W () Omega |
| \(*a α alpha |
| \(*b ,
B beta |
| \(*g <
y gamma |
| \(*d <
o delta |
| \(*e -
c epsilon |
| \(*z ,
L zeta |
| \(*y ,
n eta |
| \(*h -
0 theta |
| \(*i ,
i iota |
| \(*k k kappa |
|___________________________________________________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
____________________________________________________________________
| Input nroff Output Name/Meaning |
|___________________________________________________________________|
| \(*l >
\ lambda |
| \(*m ,
u my |
| \(*n ,
v ny |
| \(*c ,
3 xi |
| \(*o o omikron |
| \(*p π pi |
| \(*r p rho |
| \(*s -
o sigma |
| \(ts s terminal sigma |
| \(*t t
~ tau |
| \(*u u ypsilon |
| \(*f /
o phi |
| \(*x x chi |
| \(*q u
| psi |
| \(*w u
w omega |
|___________________________________________________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
The 8-bit character set (ISO 8859-1) [cf. meta-ascii(5)] can also be
accessed using the following special characters, with a few notable
exceptions.
______________________________________________________________________
| Hex.| Oct.| Dec.| Graphic| Meaning | Input |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
| A0 | 240 | 160 | | NBSP, Non Breaking Space | missing|
| | | | | (blank as part of a word) | |
| A1 | 241 | 161 | ¡ | Inverse exclamation mark | \(!d |
| A2 | 242 | 162 | ¢ | U.S. cent symbol | \(ct |
| A3 | 243 | 163 | £ | British pound symbol | \(ps |
| A4 | 244 | 164 | ¤ | General currency symbol | \(cr |
| A5 | 245 | 165 | ¥ | Japanese yen symbol | \(yn |
| A6 | 246 | 166 | ¦ | Broken vertical line | missing|
| A7 | 247 | 167 | § | Section symbol | \(sc |
| A8 | 250 | 168 | ¨ | Umlaut (diaeresis) accent | \(:a |
| A9 | 251 | 169 | © | Copyright symbol | \(CO |
| AA | 252 | 170 | ª | Feminine ordinal indicator | \(of |
| AB | 253 | 171 | « | Opening guillemets (angle | \(<< |
| | | | | quotes) | |
| AC | 254 | 172 | ¬ | NOT sign | \(no |
| AD | 255 | 173 | | SHY, Soft Hyphen (possible | \(en |
| | | | | separator in a word) | |
| AE | 256 | 174 | ® | Registered symbol | \(RG |
| AF | 257 | 175 | ¯ | Over line (Macron) | \(rn |
| B0 | 260 | 176 | ° | Degree (ring) | \(de |
| B1 | 261 | 177 | ± | Plus/minus sign | \(+- |
| B2 | 262 | 178 | ² | Superscript 2 | missing|
| B3 | 263 | 179 | ³ | Superscript 3 | missing|
| B4 | 264 | 180 | ´ | Acute accent | \(aa |
| B5 | 265 | 181 | µ | Lowercase mu (micro sign) | \(*m |
| B6 | 266 | 182 | ¶ | Pilcrow (paragraph sign) | \(pg |
| B7 | 267 | 183 | · | Middle dot | \(pc |
| B8 | 270 | 184 | ¸ | Cedilla | \(,a |
| B9 | 271 | 185 | ¹ | Superscript 1 | missing|
| BA | 272 | 186 | º | Masculine ordinal indicator| \(om |
| BB | 273 | 187 | » | Closing guillemets (angle | \(>> |
| | | | | quotes) | |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
______________________________________________________________________
| Hex.| Oct.| Dec.| Graphic| Meaning | Input |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
| BC | 274 | 188 | ¼ | One fourth (one quarter) | \(14 |
| BD | 275 | 189 | ½ | One half | \(12 |
| BE | 276 | 190 | ¾ | Three fourth | \(34 |
| BF | 277 | 191 | ¿ | Inverse question mark | \(?d |
| C0 | 300 | 192 | À | Uppercase A grave accent | \(A` |
| C1 | 301 | 193 | Á | Uppercase A acute accent | \(A' |
| C2 | 302 | 194 | Â | Uppercase A circumflex | \(A^ |
| C3 | 303 | 195 | Ã | Uppercase A tilde | \(A~ |
| C4 | 304 | 196 | Ä | Uppercase A umlaut | \(^A |
| C5 | 305 | 197 | Å | Uppercase A degree | \(Ao |
| C6 | 306 | 198 | Æ | Uppercase AE ligature | \(AE |
| C7 | 307 | 199 | Ç | Uppercase C cedilla | \(Cc |
| C8 | 310 | 200 | È | Uppercase E grave accent | \(E` |
| C9 | 311 | 201 | É | Uppercase E acute accent | \(E' |
| CA | 312 | 202 | Ê | Uppercase E circumflex | \(E^ |
| CB | 313 | 203 | Ë | Uppercase E umlaut | \(E: |
| CC | 314 | 204 | Ì | Uppercase I grave accent | \(I` |
| CD | 315 | 205 | Í | Uppercase I acute accent | \(I' |
| CE | 316 | 206 | Î | Uppercase I circumflex | \(I^ |
| CF | 317 | 207 | Ï | Uppercase I umlaut | \(I: |
| D0 | 320 | 208 | Ð | Uppercase Icelandic ETH | missing|
| D1 | 321 | 209 | Ñ | Uppercase N tilde | \(N~ |
| D2 | 322 | 210 | Ò | Uppercase O grave accent | \(O` |
| D3 | 323 | 211 | Ó | Uppercase O acute accent | \(O' |
| D4 | 324 | 212 | Ô | Uppercase O circumflex | \(O^ |
| D5 | 325 | 213 | Õ | Uppercase O tilde | \(O~ |
| D6 | 326 | 214 | Ö | Uppercase O umlaut | \(^O |
| D7 | 327 | 215 | × | Multiply sign | \(mu |
| D8 | 330 | 216 | Ø | Uppercase O crossbar | \(O/ |
| D9 | 331 | 217 | Ù | Uppercase U grave accent | \(U` |
| DA | 332 | 218 | Ú | Uppercase U acute accent | \(U' |
| DB | 333 | 219 | Û | Uppercase U circumflex | \(U^ |
| DC | 334 | 220 | Ü | Uppercase U umlaut | \(^U |
| DD | 335 | 221 | Ý | Uppercase Y acute accent | missing|
| DE | 336 | 222 | Þ | Uppercase Icelandic Thorn | missing|
| DF | 337 | 223 | ß | Sharp s | \(^s |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
______________________________________________________________________
| Hex.| Oct.| Dec.| Graphic| Meaning | Input |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
| E0 | 340 | 224 | à | Lowercase a grave accent | \(a` |
| E1 | 341 | 225 | á | Lowercase a acute accent | \(a' |
| E2 | 342 | 226 | â | Lowercase a circumflex | \(a^ |
| E3 | 343 | 227 | ã | Lowercase a tilde | \(a~ |
| E4 | 344 | 228 | ä | Lowercase a umlaut | \(^a |
| E5 | 345 | 229 | å | Lowercase a degree | \(ao |
| E6 | 346 | 230 | æ | Lowercase ae ligature | \(ae |
| E7 | 347 | 231 | ç | Lowercase c cedilla | \(cc |
| E8 | 350 | 232 | è | Lowercase e grave accent | \(e` |
| E9 | 351 | 233 | é | Lowercase e acute accent | \(e' |
| EA | 352 | 234 | ê | Lowercase e circumflex | \(e^ |
| EB | 353 | 235 | ë | Lowercase e umlaut | \(e: |
| EC | 354 | 236 | ì | Lowercase i grave accent | \(i` |
| ED | 355 | 237 | í | Lowercase i acute accent | \(i' |
| EE | 356 | 238 | î | Lowercase i circumflex | \(i^ |
| EF | 357 | 239 | ï | Lowercase i umlaut | \(i: |
| F0 | 360 | 240 | ð | Lowercase Icelandic ETH | missing|
| F1 | 361 | 241 | ñ | Lowercase n tilde | \(n~ |
| F2 | 362 | 242 | ò | Lowercase o grave accent | \(o` |
| F3 | 363 | 243 | ó | Lowercase o acute accent | \(o' |
| F4 | 364 | 244 | ô | Lowercase o circumflex | \(o^ |
| F5 | 365 | 245 | õ | Lowercase o tilde | \(o~ |
| F6 | 366 | 246 | ö | Lowercase o umlaut | \(^o |
| F7 | 367 | 247 | ÷ | Division sign | \(di |
| F8 | 370 | 248 | ø | Lowercase o crossbar | \(o/ |
| F9 | 371 | 249 | ù | Lowercase u grave accent | \(u` |
| FA | 372 | 250 | ú | Lowercase u acute accent | \(u' |
| FB | 373 | 251 | û | Lowercase u circumflex | \(u^ |
| FC | 374 | 252 | ü | Lowercase u umlaut | \(^u |
| FD | 375 | 253 | ý | Lowercase y acute accent | missing|
| FE | 376 | 254 | þ | Lowercase Icelandic Thorn | missing|
| FF | 377 | 255 | ÿ | Lowercase y umlaut | \(y: |
|_____|______|______|_________|_____________________________|_________|
Page 7 Reliant UNIX 5.44 Printed 11/98
roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
The following special characters are only available with PostScript
format. They do not generate nroff output.
_________________________
| Input Name/Meaning |
|________________________|
| \(~~ approxequal |
| \(!b notsubset |
| \(!m notelement |
| \(-> arrowright |
| \(<- arrowleft |
| \(af aleph |
| \(ah arrowhorizex |
| \(an angle |
| \(av arrowvertex |
| \(b< angleleft |
| \(b> angleright |
| \(c. dotmath |
| \(cg congruent |
| \(el ellipsis |
| \(fa universal |
| \(l& logicaland |
| \(lx bracketleftex |
| \(lz lozenge |
| \(l| logicalor |
| \(pm perthousand |
| \(pp perpendicular |
| \(rx bracketrightex|
| \(st suchthat |
| \(te existential |
| \(tf therefore |
| \(ws weierstrass |
| \(CR carriagereturn|
| \(If Ifraktur |
| \(LB parenleftbt |
| \(LT parenlefttop |
| \(LX braceex |
| \(O+ circleplus |
| \(Ox circlemultiply|
| \(Rf Rfraktur |
| \(RB parenrightbt |
|________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
_________________________
| Input Name/Meaning |
|________________________|
| \(RT parenrighttop |
| \(RX parenrightex |
| \(TM trademarkH |
| \(tm trademarkR |
| \(Sl Script l |
| \(Sv Scaron |
| \(sv scaron |
| \(Zv Zcaron |
| \(zv zcaron |
| \(fr fraction |
| \(qs quotesingle |
| \(`` quotedblleft |
| \(g< guilsinglleft |
| \(g> guilsinglright|
| \(en endash |
| \(qb quotesinglbase|
| \(,, quotedblbase |
| \('' quotedblright |
| \(~a tilde |
| \(-a macron |
| \(oa ring |
| \(Ua breve |
| \(.a dotaccent |
| \(:a diaeresis |
| \("a hungarumlaut |
| \(va caron |
| \(Ca ogonek |
| \(L/ Lslash |
| \(l/ lslash |
| \(i. dotlessi |
|________________________|
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
________________________
| Input Name/Meaning |
|_______________________|
| \(ob base ring |
| \(OE OE |
| \(oe oe |
| \(fn florin |
| \(t1 theta1 |
| \(p1 phi1 |
| \(o1 omega1 |
| \(U1 Upsilon1 |
| \((l braceleft |
| \((r braceright |
| \(cl club |
| \(dm diamond |
| \(ht heart |
| \(sd spade |
| \(se second |
| \(pr product |
| \(su summation |
| \(-b arrowdblboth |
| \(-l arrowdblleft |
| \(-u arrowdblup |
| \(-r arrowdblright|
| \(-d arrowdbldown |
| \(It integraltp |
| \(Ix integralex |
| \(Ib integralbt |
|_______________________|
NOTES
The representation of the ', ´, and ` characters can be somewhat
strange, depending on whether they are
1) formatted with nroff or troff;
2) or are edited directly as they are either masked (with \) or as
special characters (\(cc).
The various possibilities are outlined below.
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roff-charset(5) roff-charset(5)
_____________________________________________
| nroff |
| Input Output Name/Meaning |
|____________________________________________|
| \' ' acute accent * |
| \` ` grave accent |
| \(aa ' acute accent * |
| \(ga ` grave accent |
| \(fm ' foot mark |
| ´ ´ acute accent (= octal 264)|
| ` ` grave accent (= octal 140)|
| ' ' apostrophe (= octal 047) |
|____________________________________________|
* Warning: nroff outputs \' and \(aa as a single quote and not as ´
(acute accent).
SEE ALSO
nroff(1M), troff(1M), ascii(5), meta-ascii(5), nterm(5).
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