eqn(1) DG/UX 4.30 eqn(1)
NAME
eqn - format mathematical equations in text for troff
SYNOPSIS
eqn [ -dxy ] [ -pn ] [ -sn ] [ -fn ] [ -Tdest ] [ files ]
DESCRIPTION
Eqn(1) is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting
mathematical text on a phototypesetter or laser printer.
Usage is almost always:
[ pic | tbl | ] eqn files | troff
or equivalent. If no files are specified (or if - is
specified as the last argument), these programs read the
standard input. eqn(1) prepares output for the typesetter
named in the -T option. The default (no -T specified) will
prepare output for a 240 dpi Imagen laser printer.
A line beginning with .EQ marks the start of an equation;
the end of an equation is marked by a line beginning with
.EN. Neither of these lines is altered, so they may be
defined in macro packages to get centering, numbering, etc.
It is also possible to designate two characters as
delimiters; subsequent text between delimiters is then
treated as eqn input. Delimiters may be set to characters x
and y with the command-line argument -dxy or (more commonly)
with delim xy between .EQ and .EN. The left and right
delimiters may be the same character; the dollar sign is
often used as such a delimiter. Delimiters are turned off
by delim off. All text that is neither between delimiters
nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched.
Tokens within eqn are separated by spaces, tabs, new-lines,
braces, double quotes, tildes, and circumflexes. Braces {}
are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
character such as x could appear, a complicated construction
enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde (~)
represents a full space in the output, circumflex (^) half
as much.
Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
sub and sup:
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eqn(1) DG/UX 4.30 eqn(1)
Source Output
x sub j xj
2
a sub k sup 2 ak
e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2} ex2+y2
Fractions are made with over:
Source Output
a
a over b b
_____1____
1 over sqrt {ax sup 2+bx+c} ________
\|ax2+bx+c
The keywords from and to introduce lower and upper limits:
Source
lim from {n -> inf } sum from 0 to n x sub i
Output
n
lim ≳xi
n->oo0
Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height
are made with left and right:
Source
left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~ 1
Output
|
| y2| = 1
|x2+α |
|
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eqn(1) DG/UX 4.30 eqn(1)
Legal characters after left and right are braces, brackets,
bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and "" for nothing at
all (useful for a right-side-only bracket). A left thing
need not have a matching right thing.
Vertical piles of things are made with pile, lpile, cpile,
and rpile:
Source Output
a
pile {a above b above c} b
c
Piles may have arbitrary numbers of elements; lpile left-
justifies, pile and cpile center (but with different
vertical spacing), and rpile right justifies.
Matrices are made with matrix:
Source
matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above
2 } }
Output
xi
y2
1
2
In addition, there is rcol for a right-justified column.
Diacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat, tilde,
bar, vec, dyad, and under:
Source Output
. ____
x dot = f(t) bar x=f(t)
..
y dotdot bar ~=~ n under y = n
_ _
x vec ~=~ y dyad x = y
Point sizes and fonts can be changed with size n or size +n,
roman, italic, bold, and font n. Point sizes and fonts can
be changed globally in a document by gsize n and gfont n, or
by the command-line arguments -sn and -fn.
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eqn(1) DG/UX 4.30 eqn(1)
Normally, subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3
points from the previous size; this may be changed by the
command-line argument -pn.
Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place mark
before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in
subsequent equations.
Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
with define:
define thing % replacement %
defines a new token called thing that will be replaced by
replacement whenever it appears thereafter. The % may be
any character that does not occur in replacement.
Keywords such as sum (≳), int (∫), inf (oo), and shorthands
such as >= (>), != (≠), and -> (->) are recognized. Greek
letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in alpha
(α), or GAMMA (Γ~). Mathematical words such as sin, cos,
and log are made Roman automatically. Troff(1) four-
character escapes such as \(dd (‡) may be used anywhere.
Strings enclosed in double quotes ("...") are passed
through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as
text, and can be used to communicate with troff(1) when all
else fails. Full details are given in the manual cited
below.
SEE ALSO
mm(1), mmt(1), mvt(1), neqn(1), nroff(1), tbl(1), troff(1),
eqnchar(5), mm(5), mv(5).
Using the Documenter's Tool Kit on the DG/UX System.
Documenter's Tool Kit Technical Summary for the DG/UX
System.
BUGS
To embolden digits, parentheses, etc., it is necessary to
quote them, as in bold "12.3".
See also BUGS under troff(1).
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