| mkmanifest, Mkmanifest | create a shell script to restore Unix filenames |
| adb | debugger (2BSD) |
| addbib | create or extend bibliographic database |
| apply | apply a command to a set of arguments |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup |
| as | assembler |
| at | execute commands at a later time |
| atq | print the queue of jobs waiting to be run |
| atrm | remove jobs spooled by at |
| notes, readnotes, autoseq | a news system |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language |
| basename | strip filename affixes |
| bc | arbitrary-precision arithmetic language |
| biff | be notified if mail arrives and who it is from |
| binmail | send or receive mail among users |
| cal | print calendar |
| calendar | reminder service |
| cat | catenate and print |
| cb | C program beautifier |
| cc | C compiler (2BSD) |
| cd | change working directory |
| checknotes | check for new notesfile articles |
| checknr | check nroff/troff files |
| chgrp | change group |
| chmod | change mode |
| ci | check in RCS revisions |
| clear | clear terminal screen |
| cmp | compare two files |
| co | check out RCS revisions |
| col | filter reverse line feeds |
| colcrt | filter nroff output for CRT previewing |
| colrm | remove columns from a file |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files |
| uncompress, zcat, compress | compress and expand data |
| cp | copy |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax |
| ctags | create a tags file |
| date | print and set the date |
| dc | desk calculator |
| dd | convert and copy a file |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs |
| df | disk free |
| explain, diction | print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator |
| diff3 | 3-way differential file comparison |
| du | summarize disk usage |
| echo | echo arguments |
| ed | text editor |
| efl | Extended Fortran Language |
| neqn, checkeq, eqn | typeset mathematics |
| error | analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
| edit, ex | text editor |
| unexpand, expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression |
| f77 | Fortran77 compiler |
| true, false | provide truth values |
| file | determine file type |
| find | find files |
| fmt | simple text formatter |
| fold | fold long lines for finite width output device |
| fpr | print Fortran file |
| from | who is my mail from? |
| fsplit | split a multi-routine Fortran file into individual files |
| gcore | get core image of running process |
| egrep, fgrep, grep | search a file for a pattern |
| head | give first few lines |
| hostid | set or print identifier of current host system |
| ident | identify files |
| indent | indent and format C program source |
| intro | introduction to commands |
| iostat | report I/O statistics |
| join | relational database operator |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes |
| lastcomm | show last commands executed in reverse order |
| learn | computer aided instruction about UNIX |
| leave | remind you when you have to leave |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs |
| lint | a C program verifier |
| lisp | lisp interpreter |
| ln | make links |
| logger | make entries in the system log |
| login | sign on |
| look | find lines in a sorted list |
| indxbib, lookbib | build inverted index for a bibliography, find references in a bibliography |
| lorder | find ordering relation for an object library |
| lpq | spool queue examination program |
| lpr | off line print |
| lprm | remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue |
| lptest | generate lineprinter ripple pattern |
| ls | list contents of directory |
| lxref | lisp cross reference program |
| m4 | macro processor |
| mail | send and receive mail |
| mailp, mailp.man | frontend to the mp PostScript pretty printer |
| make | maintain program groups |
| man | print out the manual |
| merge | three-way file merge |
| mesg | permit or deny messages |
| mkdep | construct Makefile dependency list |
| mkdir | make directories |
| mkstr | create an error message file by massaging C source |
| page, more | file perusal filter for crt viewing |
| mp, mp.man | POSTSCRIPT pretty printer |
| mset | retrieve ASCII to IBM 3270 keyboard map |
| msgs | system messages and junk mail program |
| mt | magnetic tape manipulating program |
| mv | move or rename files |
| netstat | show network status |
| newaliases | rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file |
| nfpipe | Insert articles into a notesfile |
| nfprint | Print the contents of a notesfile |
| nfstats | Print statistics about Notesfiles |
| nohup, nice | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nm | print name list (2BSD) |
| autoseq, readnotes, notes | a news system |
| nroff | text formatting |
| nslookup | query name servers interactively |
| od | octal, decimal, hex, ascii dump |
| pagesize | print system page size |
| pdx | pascal debugger |
| pi | Pascal interpreter code translator |
| pix | Pascal interpreter and executor |
| pmerge | pascal file merger |
| pr | print file |
| printenv | print out the environment |
| prof | display profile data |
| ps | process status |
| ptx | permuted index |
| pwd | working directory name |
| px | Pascal interpreter |
| pxp | Pascal execution profiler |
| pxref | Pascal cross-reference program |
| quota | display disc usage and limits |
| ratfor | rational Fortran dialect |
| rcs | change RCS file attributes |
| rcsdiff | compare RCS revisions |
| rdist | remote file distribution program |
| notes, autoseq, readnotes | a news system |
| refer | find and insert literature references in documents |
| rev | reverse lines of a file |
| rmdir, rm | remove (unlink) files or directories |
| rmail | handle remote mail received via uucp |
| rm, rmdir | remove (unlink) directories or files |
| roffbib | run off bibliographic database |
| sccs | front end for the SCCS subsystem |
| script | make typescript of terminal session |
| sed | stream editor |
| sendbug | mail a system bug report to 4bsd-bugs |
| for, case, if, while, :, ., break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait, sh | command language |
| size | size of an object file |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| soelim | eliminate .so’s from nroff input |
| sort | sort or merge files |
| sortbib | sort bibliographic database |
| spellin, spellout, spell | find spelling errors |
| split | split a file into pieces |
| strcompact | string compaction for object files |
| strings | find the printable strings in a object, or other binary, file |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits |
| struct | structure Fortran programs |
| style | analyze surface characteristics of a document |
| su | substitute user id temporarily |
| sum | sum and count blocks in a file |
| symcompact | string compaction for object files |
| symorder | rearrange name list |
| tabs | set terminal tabs |
| tail | deliver the last part of a file |
| talk | talk to another user |
| tar | tape archiver |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff |
| tc | photoypesetter simulator |
| tcopy | copy a mag tape |
| tcsh, tcsh.man | C shell with file name completion and command line editing |
| tee | pipe fitting |
| time | time a command |
| tk | paginator for the Tektronix 4014 |
| tn3270 | full-screen remote login to IBM VM/CMS |
| touch | update date last modified of a file |
| tp | manipulate tape archive |
| tr | translate characters |
| nroff, troff | text formatting and typesetting |
| false, true | provide truth values |
| tsort | topological sort |
| tty | get terminal name |
| ul | do underlining |
| unifdef | remove ifdef’ed lines |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file |
| units | conversion program |
| uptime | show how long system has been up |
| users | compact list of users who are on the system |
| uucp | unix to unix copy |
| uux | unix to unix command execution |
| vacation | return “I am on vacation” indication |
| vgrind | grind nice listings of programs |
| vi | screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex |
| vmstat | report virtual memory statistics |
| vwidth | make troff width table for a font |
| uptime, w | who is on and what they are doing; system time up |
| wait | await completion of process |
| wall | write to all users |
| wc | word count |
| what | show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file |
| whatis | describe what a command is |
| which | locate a program file including aliases and paths (csh only) |
| who | who is on the system |
| whois | DARPA Internet user name directory service |
| window | window environment |
| write | write to another user |
| xstr | extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler |
| yes | be repetitively affirmative |
| accept | accept a connection on a socket |
| access | determine accessibility of file |
| acct | turn accounting on or off |
| adjtime | correct the time to allow synchronization of the system clock |
| bind | bind a name to a socket |
| sbrk, brk | change data segment size |
| fchdir, chdir | change current working directory |
| fchflags, chflags | set file flags |
| chmod | change mode of file |
| chown | change owner and group of a file |
| chroot | change root directory |
| close | delete a descriptor |
| connect | initiate a connection on a socket |
| creat | create a new file |
| dup2, dup | duplicate a descriptor |
| execve | execute a file |
| _exit, exit | terminate a process |
| fcntl | file control |
| fetchi | fetch from user instruction space (2BSD) |
| flock | apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file |
| fork | create a new process |
| fperr | get floating-point error registers (2BSD) |
| fsync | synchronize a file’s in-core state with that on disk |
| getdtablesize | get descriptor table size |
| getfsstat | get list of all mounted filesystems |
| getegid, getgid | get group process identification |
| getgroups | get group access list |
| sethostid, gethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| sethostname, gethostname | get/set name of current host |
| setitimer, getitimer | get/set value of interval timer |
| setlogin, getlogin | get/set login name |
| getpagesize | get system page size |
| getpeername | get name of connected peer |
| getpgrp | get process group |
| getppid, getpid | get process identification |
| setpriority, getpriority | get/set program scheduling priority |
| setrlimit, getrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption |
| getrusage | get information about resource utilization |
| getsockname | get socket name |
| setsockopt, getsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| settimeofday, gettimeofday | get/set date and time |
| geteuid, getuid | get user identification |
| intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers |
| ioctl | control device |
| kill | send signal to a process |
| killpg | send signal to a process group |
| link | make a hard link to a file |
| listen | listen for connections on a socket |
| lock | lock a process in primary memory (2BSD) |
| lseek | move read/write pointer |
| mkdir | make a directory file |
| mknod | make a special file |
| umount, mount | mount or remove file system |
| nostk | allow process to manage its own stack (2BSD) |
| open | open a file for reading or writing, or create a new file |
| phys | allow a process to access physical addresses (2BSD) |
| pipe | create an interprocess communication channel |
| profil | execution time profile |
| ptrace | process trace |
| quota | manipulate disk quotas |
| readv, read | read input |
| readlink | read value of a symbolic link |
| reboot | reboot system or halt processor |
| recvfrom, recvmsg, recv | receive a message from a socket |
| rename | change the name of a file |
| rmdir | remove a directory file |
| pselect, select | synchronous I/O multiplexing |
| sendto, sendmsg, send | send a message from a socket |
| setgroups | set group access list |
| setpgrp | set process group |
| setquota | enable/disable quotas on a file system |
| setregid | set real and effective group ID |
| setreuid | set real and effective user ID’s |
| seteuid, setgid, setegid, setuid | set user and group ID |
| shutdown | shut down part of a full-duplex connection |
| sigaction | software signal facilities |
| sigaltstack | set and/or get signal stack context |
| sigblock | block signals |
| sigpause | atomically release blocked signals and wait for interrupt |
| sigpending | get pending signals |
| sigprocmask | manipulate current signal mask |
| sigreturn | return from signal |
| sigsetmask | set current signal mask |
| sigstack | set and/or get signal stack context |
| sigsuspend | atomically release blocked signals and wait for interrupt |
| sigvec | software signal facilities |
| sigwait | wait for a signal |
| socket | create an endpoint for communication |
| socketpair | create a pair of connected sockets |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| fstatfs, statfs | get file system statistics |
| swapon | add a swap device for interleaved paging/swapping |
| symlink | make symbolic link to a file |
| sync | update super-block |
| syscall | indirect system call |
| truncate | truncate a file to a specified length |
| ucall | call a kernel subroutine from user mode (2BSD) |
| umask | set file creation mode mask |
| unlink | remove directory entry |
| utimes | set file times |
| vfork | spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way |
| vhangup | virtually “hangup” the current control terminal |
| waitpid, wait4, wait3, wait | wait for process terminatation |
| writev, write | write output |
| abort | generate a fault |
| abs | integer absolute value |
| assert | program verification |
| atoi, atol, atof | convert ASCII to numbers |
| bcopy, bcmp, bzero, ffs, bstring | bit and byte string operations |
| memccpy, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memset, strchr, strrchr, tempnam, tmpfile, tmpnam, compat-sys5 | System V compatibility routines |
| setkey, encrypt, crypt | DES encryption |
| localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, tzset, ctime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isxdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, isgraph, iscntrl, isascii, toupper, tolower, toascii, ctype | character classification macros |
| daemon | run in the background |
| devname | get device name |
| opendir, readdir, telldir, seekdir, rewinddir, closedir, directory | directory operations |
| fcvt, gcvt, ecvt | output conversion |
| etext, edata, end | last locations in program |
| verr, errx, verrx, warn, vwarn, warnx, vwarnx, err | formatted error messages |
| execv, execle, execlp, execvp, exec, execve, exect, environ, execl | execute a file |
| exit | terminate a process after flushing any pending output |
| ldexp, modf, frexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| getdate | convert time and date from ASCII |
| getdiskbyname, getdisk | get disk description by its name |
| setenv, unsetenv, getenv | manipulate environmental variables |
| getfsspec, getfsfile, getfstype, setfsent, endfsent, getfsent | get file system descriptor file entry |
| getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent, getgrent | get group file entry |
| getgrouplist | calculate group access list |
| gethostbyaddr, gethostent, sethostent, endhostent, herror, gethostbyname | get network host entry |
| getloadavg | get system load averages |
| getmntinfo | get information about mounted file systems |
| getopt | get option character from command line argument list |
| getpass | read a password |
| getpwnam, getpwuid, setpassent, setpwfile, setpwent, endpwent, getpwent | get password file entries |
| getsubopt | get sub options from an argument |
| getttynam, setttyent, endttyent, getttyent | get ttys file entry |
| setusershell, endusershell, getusershell | get legal user shells |
| getwd | get current working directory pathname |
| initgroups | initialize group access list |
| remque, insque | insert/remove element from a queue |
| intro | introduction to C library functions |
| ltol3, l3tol | convert between 3-byte and long integers (2BSD) |
| ldfps | load floating point status register |
| free, realloc, calloc, alloca, malloc | memory allocator |
| mktemp | make a unique file name |
| monstartup, moncontrol, monitor | prepare execution profile |
| dbm_open, dbm_close, dbm_fetch, dbm_store, dbm_delete, dbm_firstkey, dbm_nextkey, dbm_error, dbm_clearerr, ndbm | data base subroutines |
| nfabort | dump core and log it in a notesfile |
| nfcomment | a user interface to the notesfile system |
| nlist | get entries from name list |
| strerror, perror | system error messages |
| pclose, popen | initiate I/O to/from a process |
| sys_siglist, psignal | system signal messages |
| qsort | quicker sort |
| srandom, initstate, setstate, random | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| rresvport, ruserok, rcmd | routines for returning a stream to a remote command |
| re_comp, re_exec, regex | regular expression handler |
| res_mkquery, res_send, res_init, dn_comp, dn_expand, resolver | resolver routines |
| rexec | return stream to a remote command |
| alphasort, scandir | scan a directory |
| setbuffer, setlinebuf, setvbuf, setbuf | stream buffering operations |
| longjmp, setjmp | non-local goto |
| getmode, setmode | modify mode bits |
| setrgid, setruid | set user and group ID |
| siginterrupt | allow signals to interrupt system calls |
| sigemptyset, sigfillset, sigaddset, sigdelset, sigismember, sigsetops | manipulate signal sets |
| usleep, sleep | suspend process execution |
| strcspn | span the complement of a string |
| strftime | format date and time |
| strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcasecmp, strncasecmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex, string | string operations |
| strpbrk | locate multiple characters in string |
| strsep | separate strings |
| strspn | span a string |
| strstr | locate a substring in a string |
| strtok | string tokens |
| strtol | convert string value to a long |
| strtoul | convert a string to an unsigned long |
| swab | swap bytes |
| sysctl | get or set system information |
| __errlst, syserrlst | read system error messages from file |
| vsyslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog | control system log |
| system | issue a shell command |
| isatty, ttyslot, ttyname | find name of a terminal |
| ualarm | schedule signal after specified time |
| uname | get system identification |
| varargs | variable argument list |
| abort | abnormal termination |
| access | determine accessibility of a file |
| alarm | execute a subroutine after a specified time |
| bessel functions, bessel | of two kinds for integer orders |
| bit | and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions |
| chdir | change default directory |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| dtime, etime | return elapsed execution time |
| exit | terminate process with status |
| fdate | return date and time in an ASCII string |
| flmax, ffrac, dflmin, dflmax, dffrac, inmax, flmin | return extreme values |
| flush | flush output to a logical unit |
| fork | create a copy of this process |
| ftell, fseek | reposition a file on a logical unit |
| iargc, getarg | return command line arguments |
| fgetc, getc | get a character from a logical unit |
| getcwd | get pathname of current working directory |
| getenv | get value of environment variables |
| getlog | get user’s login name |
| getpid | get process id |
| getgid, getuid | get user or group ID of the caller |
| hostnm | get name of current host |
| itime, idate | return date or time in numerical form |
| rindex, lnblnk, len, index | tell about character objects |
| intro | introduction to FORTRAN library functions |
| ioinit | change f77 I/O initialization |
| kill | send a signal to a process |
| link | make a link to an existing file |
| loc | return the address of an object |
| short, long | integer object conversion |
| free, falloc, malloc | memory allocator |
| gerror, ierrno, perror | get system error messages |
| plot: openpl et al., plot | f77 library interface to plot (3X) libraries. |
| fputc, putc | write a character to a fortran logical unit |
| qsort | quick sort |
| drand, irand, rand | return random values |
| drandm, irandm, random | better random number generator |
| rename | rename a file |
| signal | change the action for a signal |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| system | execute a UNIX command |
| ctime, ltime, gmtime, time | return system time |
| tclose, tread, twrite, trewin, tskipf, tstate, topen | f77 tape I/O |
| traper | trap arithmetic errors |
| trapov | trap and repair floating point overflow |
| fpecnt, trpfpe | trap and repair floating point faults |
| isatty, ttynam | find name of a terminal port |
| unlink | remove a directory entry |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate |
| curses | screen functions with “optimal” cursor motion |
| dbminit, fetch, store, delete, firstkey, nextkey, dbm | data base subroutines |
| lib2648 | subroutines for the HP 2648 graphics terminal |
| madd, msub, mult, mdiv, pow, gcd, invert, rpow, msqrt, mcmp, move, min, omin, fmin, m_in, mout, omout, fmout, m_out, sdiv, itom, mp | multiple precision integer arithmetic |
| plot: openpl, erase, label, line, circle, arc, move, cont, point, linemod, space, closepl, plot | graphics interface |
| tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs, termcap | terminal independent operation routines |
| acc | ACC LH/DH IMP interface |
| bk | line discipline for machine-machine communication (obsolete) |
| br | EATON BR1537/BR1711 1538[A,B,C,D] moving head disk |
| cons | PDP-11 console interface |
| css | DEC IMP-11A LH/DH IMP interface |
| de | DEC DEUNA 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| dh | DH-11/DM-11 communications multiplexer |
| dhu | DHU-11 communications multiplexer |
| dhv | DHV-11 communications multiplexer |
| dmc | DEC DMC-11/DMR-11 point-to-point communications device |
| dr | DR11-W general purpose interface driver |
| dz | DZ-11 communications multiplexer |
| ec | 3Com 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| en | Xerox 3 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| stdin, stdout, stderr file descriptor files, fd | |
| hk | RK6-11/RK06 and RK07 moving head disk |
| ht | TM-03/TE-16,TU-45,TU-77 MASSBUS magtape interface |
| hy | Network Systems Hyperchannel interface |
| il | Interlan NI1010 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| imp, impconf | 1822 network interface |
| intro | introduction to special files and hardware support |
| lo | software loopback network interface |
| lp | line printer |
| kmem, mem | main memory |
| mtio | UNIX magtape interface |
| nsip | software network interface encapsulating ns packets in ip packets. |
| null | data sink |
| pty | pseudo terminal driver |
| qe | DEC DEQNA Q-bus 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| ra | MSCP disk controller interface |
| ram | ram disk driver |
| rk | RK-11/RK05 disk |
| rl | RL-11/RL01, RL02 moving-head disk |
| rx | DEC RX02 floppy disk |
| si | SI 9500/CDC 9766 moving head disk |
| sri | DR11-C IMP interface |
| swap | swap device |
| tb | line discipline for digitizing devices |
| tm | TM-11/TE-10 magtape interface |
| tmscp | DEC TMSCP magtape interface |
| ts | TS-11 magtape interface |
| tty | general terminal interface |
| vv | Proteon proNET 10 Megabit ring |
| xp | generic SMD moving-head disk |
| XNSrouted | NS Routing Information Protocol daemon |
| adduser | procedure for adding new users |
| autoconfig | configure the running system to the hardware |
| boot | 2.11BSD bootstrap proceedure |
| bugfiler | file bug reports in folders automatically |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual |
| drtest | standalone disk test program |
| dump | incremental file system dump |
| 512dumpdir, dumpdir | print the names of files on a dump tape |
| fsck | file system consistency check and interactive repair |
| getty | set terminal mode |
| htable | convert NIC standard format host tables |
| idecrypt, idecrypt.man | Decrypt tokens obtained from identd |
| identd, in.identd, identd.man | TCP/IP IDENT protocol server |
| intro | introduction to system maintenance and operation commands |
| lpc | line printer control program |
| lpd | line printer daemon |
| makedev | make system special files |
| makekey | generate encryption key |
| rmnf, mknf | create and delete notesfiles |
| named | Internet domain name server |
| newsoutput, newsinput | notes/news gateway programs |
| newsinput, newsoutput | notes/news gateway programs |
| nfaccess | Add access rights to a set of Notesfiles |
| nfadmin | Change the status of a set of Notesfiles |
| nfarchive | archive notesfiles |
| nfload, nfdump | notesfile dump/load programs |
| nfdump, nfload | notesfile dump/load programs |
| nfmail | accept mail for a notesfile |
| nfxmit, nfrcv | notesfile networking programs |
| nftimestamp | Set Notesfile sequencer timestamps |
| nfrcv, nfxmit | notesfile networking programs |
| ntp | query an ntp clock |
| ntpd | time synchronization daemon implementing NTP |
| ntpdc | monitor operation of ntp daemon |
| pac | printer/plotter accounting information |
| rc | command script for auto-reboot and daemons |
| rdump | file system dump across the network |
| mknf, rmnf | create and delete notesfiles |
| routed | network routing daemon |
| rrestore | restore a file system dump across the network |
| sccstorcs | build RCS file from SCCS file |
| sendmail | send mail over the internet |
| sticky | persistent text and append-only directories |
| sync | update the super block |
| timed | time server daemon |
| timedc | timed control program |
| uucpd, uucico | transfer files queued by uucp or uux |
| uuclean | uucp spool directory clean-up |
| uupoll | poll a remote UUCP site |
| uuxqt | UUCP execution file interpreter |