NEQN(1) COMMAND REFERENCE NEQN(1)
NAME
neqn - format mathematical text for nroff
SYNOPSIS
neqn [ -dxy ] [ -pn ] [ -sn ] [ -fn ] [ files ]
DESCRIPTION
Neqn is an nroff(1) preprocessor for typesetting
mathematical text on typewriter-like terminals, while eqn(1)
is used for the same purpose with troff(1) on a
phototypesetter. Usage is almost always:
neqn files | nroff
or equivalent.
If no files are specified (or if - is specified as the last
argument), these programs read the standard input. A line
beginning with .EQ marks the start of an equation; the end
of an equation is marked by a line beginning with .EN.
Neither of these lines is altered, so they may be defined in
macro packages to get centering, numbering, etc. It is also
possible to designate two characters as delimiters;
subsequent text between delimiters is then treated as eqn
input. Delimiters may be set to characters x and y with the
command-line argument -dxy or (more commonly) with delim xy
between .EQ and .EN. The left and right delimiters may be
the same character; the dollar sign is often used as such a
delimiter. Delimiters are turned off by delim off. All
text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ and
.EN is passed through untouched.
The program checkeq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters
and .EQ/.EN pairs.
Tokens within eqn are separated by spaces, tabs, new-lines,
braces, double quotes, tildes, and circumflexes. Braces {}
are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
character such as x could appear, a complicated construction
enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde (~)
represents a full space in the output, circumflex (^) half
as much.
Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
sub a
wh
nd
ilsup.
x2+T
y2
hui
ssxma
sd
ub
e j
wim
ta
hkessu
xj
p,{a
x sub
p 2
k +
sa
u;
p
y 2
sq
up
rt2
od
m
}.
a
uc
kes
F
a
sk
q
ra
ua
cr
t1
e
ion
ro
soa
t.
r
s:
e 1
mad
oe
ver
wis
th
qrover:
x a
suo
pv2
e+
rbb
x+c
yi
}el
rd
esub
lts in
________
\|ax2+bx+c
Printed 5/12/88 1
NEQN(1) COMMAND REFERENCE NEQN(1)
The ke
nywords from and to introduce lower and upper limits:
lim xi is made with
l
n-
i>
mof
o0
rom {n -> inf } sum from 0 to n x sub i Left and right
brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
left an
|d right:
l
|efty2
[|x=s1
u.
p 2L+
ega
ylsc
uh
pa2
rac
ot
versaa
lf
ph
ta
erri
le
gf
ht ]
and
~=ri1
ghtra
od
re
uces
b
|r
x2
a+
ces,
| brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and
"" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only
bracket). A left thing need not have a matching right
thing.
Vertical piles of things are made with pile, lpile, cpile,
and rpile: pile {a above b above c} produces b. Piles may
have arbitrary numbers of elements; lpile lefc
t-justifies,
pile and cpile center (but with different vertical spacing),
and rpile right justifies. Matrices are made with matrix:
matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }
produces xi
y2
1
2
. In addition, there is rcol for a right-
justified column.
Diacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat,_tilde,
bar, vec, dyad, and under: x..
dot = f(t) bar is x=f(t),
y dotdot bar ~=~ n under is y = n, and x vec ~=~ y dyad is
x = y.
Point sizes and fonts can be changed with size n or size +n,
roman, italic, bold, and font n. Point sizes and fonts can
be changed globally in a document by gsize n and gfont n, or
by the command-line arguments -sn and -fn.
Normally, subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3
points from the previous size; this may be changed by the
command-line argument -pn.
Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place mark
before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in
subsequent equations.
Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
with define:
define thing % replacement %
defines a new token called thing that will be replaced by
replacement whenever it appears thereafter. The % may be
any character that does not occur in replacement.
Keywords such as sum ( ), int ( ), inf (oo), and shorthands
such as >= (>), != (≠), and -> (->) are recognized. Greek
Printed 5/12/88 2
NEQN(1) COMMAND REFERENCE NEQN(1)
letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in alpha
( ), or GAMMA ( ). Mathematical words such as sin, cos, and
log are made Roman automatically. Nroff(1) Four-character
escapes such as \(dd (‡) may be used anywhere. Strings
enclosed in double quotes ("...") are passed through
untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and
can be used to communicate with nroff(1) when all else
fails. Full details are given in the manual cited below.
OPTIONS
-dxy
Sets the equation delimiters to x and y.
-fn
Changes globally, the font of the text.
-pn
Determines the number of points that subscripts and
superscripts are reduced. The default is 3 points.
-sn
Changes globally, the point size of text. n can be
positive or negative.
CAVEATS
To embolden digits, parentheses, etc., it is necessary to
quote them, as in bold "12.3".
See also CAVEATS under nroff(1).
SEE ALSO
checkeq(1), eqn(1), mm(1), mmt(1), nroff(1), tbl(1),
troff(1), eqnchar(7). mm(7), and mv(7).
Printed 5/12/88 3
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