| adb | debugger |
| admin | create and administer SCCS files |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup |
| ar | archive and library maintainer |
| as | assembler |
| at | execute commands at a later time |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language |
| basename | strip filename affixes |
| bc | arbitrary-precision arithmetic language |
| bdiff | big diff |
| bfs | big file scanner |
| binmail | send or receive mail among users |
| cal | print calendar |
| calendar | reminder service |
| cat | concatenate and print |
| cb | C program beautifier |
| pcc, cc | C compiler |
| cd | change working directory |
| cdc | change the delta commentary of an SCCS delta |
| chfn | change finger entry |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| chog | change owner and group of a file |
| chgrp, chown | change owner or group of a file |
| chroot | change root directory |
| chsh | change default login shell |
| clr, clear | clear terminal screen |
| cmp | compare two files |
| col | filter reverse line feeds |
| comb | combine SCCS deltas |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files |
| cp | copy file data |
| cpio | copy file archives in and out |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax |
| csplit | context split |
| ctags | create a tags file |
| ctrace | C program debugger |
| cut | cut out selected fields of each line of a file |
| date | print and set the date |
| dc | desk calculator |
| dd | convert and copy a file |
| delta | make a delta (change) to an SCCS file |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator |
| diff3 | 3-way differential file comparison |
| du | summarize disk usage |
| echo | echo arguments |
| ed | text editor |
| ed_v7 | V7 text editor |
| neqn, checkeq, eqn | typeset mathematics |
| error | analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
| edit, ex | text editor |
| unexpand, expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression |
| f77 | Fortran 77 compiler |
| primes, factor | factor a number, generate large primes |
| file | determine file type |
| find | find files |
| f, finger | user information lookup program |
| fmt | simple text formatter |
| from | show who mail is from |
| get | get a version of an SCCS file |
| getopt | parse command options |
| greek | select terminal filter |
| egrep, fgrep, grep | search a file for a pattern |
| help | ULTRIX-11 Help Facility |
| hostid | set or print identifier of current host system |
| hostname | set or print name of current host system |
| intro | introduction to commands |
| ipcrm | remove a message queue, semaphore set |
| ipcs | report inter-process communication facilities status |
| join | relational database operator |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice |
| l11 | Macro-11 loader for UNIX |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes |
| ld | loader |
| learn | computer aided instruction about UNIX |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs |
| line | read one line |
| lint | a C program verifier |
| ln | make a link |
| login | login to a UNIX system |
| look | find lines in a sorted list |
| lorder | find ordering relation for an object library |
| lpq | show lineprinter queue |
| print, lpr | line printer spooler |
| lprm | delete jobs from the lineprinter queue |
| ls | list contents of directory |
| ltf | labeled tape facility |
| m11 | Macro-11 assembler for UNIX |
| m4 | macro processor |
| mail | send and receive mail |
| make | maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs |
| man | find manual information by keywords; print out the manual |
| mesg | permit or deny messages |
| mkdir | make a directory |
| mkstr | create an error message file by massaging C source |
| osdd, checkmm, mm | print/check documents formatted with the MM macros |
| mvt, mmt | typeset documents, view graphs, and slides |
| page, more | file perusal filter for crt viewing |
| mt | magnetic tape manipulating program |
| mv | move or rename files and directories |
| netstat | show network status |
| newgrp | log in to a new group |
| nohup, nice | run a command at low priority |
| nl | line numbering filter |
| nm | print name list |
| od | octal dump |
| pcat, unpack, pack | compress and expand files |
| passwd | change login password |
| paste | merge same lines of several files or subsequent lines of one file |
| pi | Pascal interpreter code translator |
| pix | Pascal interpreter and executor |
| pr | print file |
| prep | prepare text for statistical processing |
| printenv | print out the environment |
| prof | display profile data |
| prs | print an SCCS file |
| ps | process status |
| ptx | permuted index |
| pwd | working directory name |
| px | Pascal interpreter |
| pxp | Pascal execution profiler |
| ranlib | convert archives to random libraries |
| ratfor | rational Fortran dialect |
| lookbib, refer | find and insert literature references in documents |
| regcmp | regular expression compile |
| renice | oppress running processes |
| rev | reverse lines of a file |
| rmdir, rm | remove (unlink) files |
| rmail | handle remote mail received via uucp |
| rmdel | remove a delta from an SCCS file |
| roff | simple text formatter |
| make, s5make | maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs |
| sact | print current SCCS file editing activity |
| sccs | Source Code Control System |
| sccsdiff | compare two versions of an SCCS file |
| sccshelp | sccs help |
| script | make typescript of terminal session |
| sdiff | side-by-side difference program |
| sed | stream editor |
| for, case, if, while, :, ., break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait, sh | command language |
| rsh5, sh5 | shell, the standard/restricted command programming language |
| size | size of an object file |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| sort | sort or merge files |
| spellin, spellout, spell | find spelling errors |
| split | split a file into pieces |
| strings | find the printable strings in an object, or other binary, file |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits |
| struct | structure Fortran programs |
| stty | set terminal options |
| su | substitute user id temporarily |
| sum | sum and count blocks in a file |
| tabs | set terminal tabs |
| tail | deliver the last part of a file |
| talk | talk to another user |
| mdtar, tar | multivolume tape archivers |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff |
| tc | phototypesetter simulator |
| tee | pipe fitting |
| test | condition command |
| time | time a command |
| tk | paginator for the Tektronix 4014 |
| touch | update date last modified of a file |
| tp | manipulate tape archive |
| tr | translate characters |
| nroff, troff | text formatting and typesetting |
| false, true | provide truth values |
| reset, tset | set terminal modes |
| tsort | topological sort |
| tty | get terminal name |
| ul | do underlining |
| uname | print name of current UNIX system |
| unget | undo a previous get of an SCCS file |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file |
| units | conversion program |
| uptime | show how long system has been up |
| u, users | compact list of users who are on the system |
| v7tar | tape archiver |
| val | validate SCCS file |
| vc | version control |
| vi | screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex |
| w | who is on and what they are doing |
| wait | await completion of process |
| wall | write to all users |
| wc | word count |
| what | identify SCCS files |
| whatis | describe what a command is |
| which | locate a program file including aliases and paths (C shell only) |
| who | who is on the system |
| whoami | print effective current user id |
| write | write to another user |
| xstr | extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler |
| accept | accept a connection on a socket |
| access | determine accessibility of a file |
| acct | turn accounting on or off |
| alarm | schedule signal after specified time |
| bind | bind a name to a socket |
| sbrk, break, brk | change core allocation |
| chdir | change default directory |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| chown | change owner and group of a file |
| chroot | change default directory |
| close | close a file |
| connect | initiate a connection on a socket |
| creat | create a new file |
| dup2, dup | duplicate an open file descriptor |
| execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exece, exec | execute a file |
| exit | terminate process with status |
| fcntl | file control |
| fork | spawn new process |
| fperr | get floating point error status |
| fpsim | report or change the status of floating point simulation |
| sethostid, gethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| sethostname, gethostname | get/set name of current host |
| getpeername | get name of connected peer |
| getppid, getpid | get process identification |
| getsockname | get socket name |
| setsockopt, getsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| getgid, geteuid, getegid, getuid | get user and group identity |
| indir | indirect system call |
| errno, intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers |
| stty, gtty, ioctl | control device |
| kill | send signal to a process |
| link | link to a file |
| listen | listen for connections on a socket |
| lock | lock a process in primary memory |
| tell, lseek | move read/write pointer |
| maus | multiple-access-user-space (shared memory) operations |
| mknod | make a directory or a special file |
| umount, mount | mount or remove file system |
| msgctl | message control operations |
| msgget | get message queue |
| msgop | message operations |
| nice | set program priority |
| nostk | allow process to manage its own stack |
| open | open for reading or writing |
| pause | suspend process until signal |
| phys | allow a process to access physical addresses |
| pipe | create an interprocess channel |
| plock | lock process, text, or data in memory |
| profil | execution time profile |
| ptrace | process trace |
| read | read from file |
| readlink | read value of a symbolic link |
| recvfrom, recvmsg, recv | receive a message from a socket |
| renice | set program priority |
| select | synchronous I/O multiplexing |
| semctl | semaphore control operations |
| semget | get set of semaphores |
| semop | semaphore operations |
| sendto, sendmsg, send | send a message from a socket |
| setregid | set real and effective group IDs |
| setreuid | set real and effective user IDs |
| setgid, setuid | set user and group ID |
| shutdown | shut down part of a full-duplex connection |
| signal | catch or ignore signals |
| socket | create an endpoint for communication |
| socketpair | create a pair of connected sockets |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| stime | set time |
| symlink | make symbolic link to a file |
| sync | update super-block |
| ftime, time | get date and time |
| times | get process and child process times |
| ulimit | get and set user limits |
| umask | set file creation mode mask |
| uname | get name of current UNIX system |
| unlink | remove directory entry |
| ustat | get file system statistics |
| utime | set file times |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate |
| write | write on a file |
| zaptty | zap the controlling tty |
| l64a, a64l | convert between long integer and base-64 ASCII string |
| abort | generate IOT fault |
| abs | integer absolute value |
| atoi, atol, atof | convert ASCII to numbers |
| bsearch | binary search a sorted table |
| bcopy, bcmp, bzero, ffs, bstring | bit and byte string operations |
| clock | report CPU time used |
| toupper, tolower, _toupper, _tolower, toascii, conv | translate characters |
| encrypt, setkey, crypt | a one way hashing encryption algorithm |
| localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, ctime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isxdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, isgraph, iscntrl, isascii, ctype | character classification |
| dial | establish an out-going terminal line connection |
| opendir, readdir, telldir, seekdir, rewinddir, closedir, directory | directory operations |
| erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, lcong48, drand48 | generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers |
| fcvt, gcvt, ecvt | output conversion |
| etext, edata, end | last locations in program |
| ldexp, modf, frexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| ftw | walk a file tree |
| getcwd | get path-name of current working directory |
| getenv | get value of environment variables |
| getfsspec, getfsfile, setfsent, endfsent, getfsent | get file system descriptor file entry |
| getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent, getgrent | get group file entry |
| getlogin | get login name |
| getopt | get option letter from argument vector |
| getpass | read a password |
| getpw | get name from UID |
| getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent, getpwent | get password file entry |
| getutent, getutid, getutline, pututline, setutent, endutent, utmpname, getut | access utmp file entry |
| getwd | get current working directory pathname |
| hcreate, hdestroy, hsearch | manage hash search tables |
| intro | introduction to the standard C library subroutines |
| ltol3, l3tol | convert between 3-byte integers and long integers |
| lockf | record locking on files |
| lfind, lsearch | linear search and update |
| free, realloc, calloc, malloc | main memory allocator |
| memccpy, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memset, memory | memory operations |
| mkdir | make a directory file |
| mktemp | make a unique file name |
| monitor | prepare execution profile |
| nlist | get entries from name list |
| errno, sys_errlist, sys_nerr, perror | system error messages |
| sys_siglist, psignal | system signal messages |
| putenv | change or add value to environment |
| putpwent | write password file entry |
| qsort | quicker sort |
| srand, rand | random number generator |
| re_comp, re_exec, regex | regular expression handler |
| rename | change the name of a file |
| rmdir | remove a directory file |
| setruid, setegid, setrgid, seteuid | set real and effective user and group IDs |
| longjmp, setjmp | non-local goto |
| sleep | suspend execution for interval |
| gsignal, ssignal | software signals |
| ftok, stdipc | standard interprocess communication package |
| strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, strchr, strrchr, strpbrk, strspn, strcspn, strtok, index, rindex, string | string operations |
| strtod | convert string to double-precision number |
| strtol | convert string to integer |
| swab | swap bytes |
| openlog, closelog, syslog | control system log |
| tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs, termlib | terminal independent operation routines |
| tfind, tdelete, twalk, tsearch | manage binary search trees |
| isatty, ttyname | find name of a terminal |
| ttyslot | find name of a terminal |
| abort | terminate abruptly with memory image |
| iabs, dabs, cabs, zabs, abs | Fortran absolute value |
| access | determine accessibility of a file |
| dacos, acos | Fortran arccosine intrinsic function |
| dimag, aimag | Fortran imaginary part of complex argument |
| dint, aint | Fortran integer part intrinsic function |
| alarm | execute a subroutine after a specified time |
| dasin, asin | Fortran arcsine intrinsic function |
| datan, atan | Fortran arctangent intrinsic function |
| datan2, atan2 | Fortran arctangent intrinsic function |
| bessel functions, bessel | of two kinds for integer orders |
| and, or, xor, not, lshift, rshift, bit | Fortran bitwise boolean functions |
| chdir | change default directory |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| dconjg, conjg | Fortran complex conjugate intrinsic function |
| dcos, ccos, cos | Fortran cosine intrinsic function |
| dcosh, cosh | Fortran hyperbolic cosine intrinsic function |
| ddim, idim, dim | positive difference Fortran intrinsic functions |
| dprod | double precision product intrinsic function |
| dtime, etime | return elapsed execution time |
| exit | terminate process with status |
| dexp, cexp, exp | Fortran exponential intrinsic function |
| fdate | return date and time in an ASCII string |
| flmax, ffrac, dflmin, dflmax, dffrac, inmax, flmin | return extreme values |
| flush | flush output to a logical unit |
| fork | create a copy of this process |
| ftell, fseek | reposition a file on a logical unit |
| int, ifix, idint, real, float, sngl, dble, cmplx, dcmplx, ichar, char, ftype | explicit Fortran type conversion |
| iargc, getarg | return command line arguments |
| fgetc, getc | get a character from a logical unit |
| getcwd | get pathname of current working directory |
| getenv | get value of environment variables |
| getlog | get user’s login name |
| getpid | get process id |
| getgid, getuid | get user or group ID of the caller |
| hostnm | get name of current host |
| itime, idate | return date or time in numerical form |
| rindex, lnblnk, len, index | tell about character objects |
| intro | introduction to the FORTRAN library subroutines |
| ioinit | change f77 I/O initialization |
| kill | send a signal to a process |
| len | return length of Fortran string |
| link | make a link to an existing file |
| loc | return the address of an object |
| alog, dlog, clog, log | Fortran natural logarithm intrinsic function |
| alog10, dlog10, log10 | Fortran common logarithm intrinsic function |
| short, long | integer object conversion |
| max0, amax0, max1, amax1, dmax1, max | Fortran maximum-value functions |
| mclock | return Fortran time accounting |
| min0, amin0, min1, amin1, dmin1, min | Fortran minimum-value functions |
| amod, dmod, mod | Fortran remaindering intrinsic functions |
| gerror, ierrno, perror | get system error messages |
| fprntn, sprntn, printn | formatted output conversion |
| fputc, putc | write a character to a Fortran logical unit |
| qsort | quicker Fortran sort |
| drand, irand, rand | return random values |
| iran, rndmze, ransav, ranres, ranm | uniform pseudorandom number generator package |
| anint, dnint, nint, idnint, round | Fortran nearest integer functions |
| isign, dsign, sign | Fortran transfer-of-sign intrinsic function |
| signal | change the action for a signal |
| dsin, csin, sin | Fortran sine intrinsic function |
| dsinh, sinh | Fortran hyperbolic sine intrinsic function |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| dsqrt, csqrt, sqrt | Fortran square root intrinsic function |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| lge, lgt, lle, llt, strcmp | string comparison intrinsic functions |
| system | issue a shell command from Fortran |
| dtan, tan | Fortran tangent intrinsic function |
| dtanh, tanh | Fortran hyperbolic tangent intrinsic function |
| ctime, ltime, gmtime, time | return system time |
| tclose, tread, twrite, trewin, tskipf, tstate, topen | f77 tape I/O |
| isatty, ttynam | find name of a terminal port |
| unlink | remove a directory entry |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate |
| j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn, bessel | Bessel functions |
| erfc, erf | error function and complementary error function |
| log, log10, pow, sqrt, exp | exponential, logarithm, power, square root functions |
| fabs, fmod, ceil, floor | absolute value, floor, ceiling functions |
| gamma | log gamma function |
| cabs, hypot | Euclidean distance function |
| intro | introduction to the Math library subroutines |
| matherr | error-handling function for math library |
| iran, randomize, ransav, ranres, ranm | uniform pseudorandom number generator package |
| cosh, tanh, sinh | hyperbolic functions |
| sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2, trig | trigonometric functions |
| ape | arbitrary precision integer arithmetic routines |
| assert | program verification |
| curses | screen functions with "optimal" cursor motion |
| dbminit, fetch, store, delete, firstkey, nextkey, dbm | data base subroutines |
| intro | introduction to the miscellaneous library routines |
| logname | return login name of user |
| free, realloc, calloc, mallopt, mallinfo, malloc | fast main memory allocator |
| itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow, mp | multiple precision integer arithmetic |
| plot | graphics interface subroutines |
| rresvport, ruserok, rcmd | routines for returning a stream to a remote command |
| regex, regcmp | compile and execute regular expression |
| rexec | return stream to a remote command |
| cat | phototypesetter interface |
| de | DEC DEUNA 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| dz, dh | DH11/DHU11/DHV11 and DZ11/DZV11/DZQ11 asynchronous multiplexers dhdm − DM11-BB (modem controller for DH11) |
| dn | DN-11 ACU interface |
| dp, du | DU-11 201 data-phone interface |
| hk | RK611/RK06, RK07 moving-head disk |
| hp | First RH11/RH70 massbus disk controller hm − Second RH11/RH70 massbus disk controller hj − Third RH11/RH70 massbus disk controller |
| ht | RH11/RH70 - TM02/3 magtape controller |
| hx | RX211/RX02 floppy disk |
| intro | introduction to device special files |
| lo | software loopback network interface |
| lp | line printer interface |
| maus | Multiple Access User Space |
| kmem, mem | core memory |
| ml | RH11/RH70 - ML11 solid state disk |
| mtio | UNIX magtape interface |
| newtty | summary of the ’new’ tty driver |
| null | data sink |
| tty, oldtty | general terminal interface |
| pty | pseudo terminal driver |
| qe | DEQNA 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| ra | UDA50/RA60, RA80, RA81 winchester disks rd/rx − RQDX1/RD51/RD52/RD53/RD54 winchester disk and RX50 and RX33 floppy disk rc − KLESI/RC25 winchester disk |
| rk | RK11/RK03 or RK05 disk |
| rl | RL11/RL01 or RL02 disk |
| rp | RP11/RP02 or RP03 moving-head disk |
| tc | TC11/TU56 DECtape |
| termio | general terminal interface |
| tk | TMSCP - TK50 single density magtape interface TU81 1600/6250 BPI magtape interface |
| tm | TM11 - TU10/TE10/TS03 800 BPI magtape interface |
| ts | TS11/TSV05/TU80/TK25 1600 BPI magtape interface |
| tty | general terminal interface |
| a.out | assembler and link editor output |
| acct | execution accounting file |
| aliases | aliases file for sendmail |
| ar | archive (library) file format |
| core | format of core image file |
| cpio | format of cpio archive |
| dgateway | name of the ULTRIX-32 host (DECnet Access Facility) |
| dir | format of directories |
| ddate, dump | incremental dump format |
| environ | user environment |
| fcntl | file control options |
| flblk, ino, filsys | format of file system volume |
| fstab | static information about the filesystems |
| gettytab | terminal configuration data base |
| group | group file |
| hosts | host name data base |
| inetd.conf | internet daemon configuration data base |
| intro | introduction to file formats |
| ltf | labeled tape facility |
| math | math functions and constants |
| mm | the MM macro package for formatting documents |
| mosd | the OSDD adapter macro package for formatting documents |
| mtab | mounted file system table |
| networks | network name data base |
| passwd | password file |
| phones | remote host phone number data base |
| plot | graphics interface |
| printcap | printer capability data base |
| profile | setting up an environment at login time |
| protocols | protocol name data base |
| regexp | regular expression compile and match routines |
| remote | remote host description file |
| sccsfile | format of SCCS file |
| services | service name data base |
| tar | tape archive file formats |
| termcap | terminal capability data base |
| tp | DEC/mag tape formats |
| ttys | terminal initialization data |
| ttytype | terminal type data |
| types | primitive system data types |
| wtmp, utmp | utmp and wtmp entry formats |
| values | machine-dependent values |
| varargs | handle variable argument list |
| ac | login accounting |
| arcv | convert archives to new format |
| boot | startup procedures |
| bufstat | print I/O buffer usage |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual |
| ccd, cda | crash dump analysis |
| clri | clear inode |
| crash | what to do when the system crashes |
| cron | clock daemon |
| dcheck | file system directory consistency check |
| dcopy | copy file systems for optimal access time |
| df | disk free |
| dmesg | collect system diagnostic messages to form error log |
| dump | incremental file system dump |
| 512dumpdir, dumpdir | print the names of files on a dump tape |
| eli | error log initializer |
| elp | error log print |
| fpsim | report or change the status of floating point simulation |
| fsck | file system consistency check and interactive repair |
| fsdb | file system debugger |
| getty | set typewriter mode |
| icheck | file system storage consistency check |
| rc, init | process control initialization |
| intro | introduction to system maintenance commands |
| iostat | report I/O statistics |
| ipatch | print/modify contents of an inode |
| nologins, logins | enable or disable user logins |
| lpd | line printer daemon |
| lprsetup | automated line printer spooler set up |
| lpset | set line printer parameters |
| makekey | generate encryption key |
| memstat | print memory usage map |
| mkconf | generate configuration tables |
| mkfs | construct a file system |
| mknod | build special file |
| umount, mount | mount and unmount file systems |
| msf | simplified make special file |
| ncheck | generate names from i-numbers |
| netsetup | automated network set up program |
| newfs | construct a file system |
| nu | setup and manage user login accounts |
| opser | ULTRIX-11 operator services |
| osload | load optional software |
| pstat | print system facts |
| quot | summarize file system ownership |
| rasize | report on MSCP disk partition sizes |
| rawfs | list or extract files on incompatible file system |
| rc | command script for system initialization |
| 512restor, restor | incremental file system restore |
| rx2fmt | format RX02 floppy diskettes |
| accton, sa | system accounting |
| sendmail | send mail over the internet |
| shutdown | orderly system shutdown |
| sync | update the super block |
| sysgen | ULTRIX-11 system generation |
| syslog | log systems messages |
| ted | interactive /etc/ttys file editor |
| tss | list TTY structure assignments |
| ulf | universal lineprinter filter |
| update | periodically update the super block |
| usat | ULTRIX-11 System Acceptance Test |
| usep | ULTRIX-11 System Exerciser Package |
| uucpsetup | set up uucp files |
| vipw | edit the password file |
| labelit, volcopy | copy file systems with label checking |
| zaptty | run a program without a controlling terminal. |