This chapter introduces the techniques you use when working with the applications that Be supplies. Many of these techniques, such as how you launch and quit an app, or how you open and save files, can be applied to third-party applications, as well. Native BeOS applications are in the /apps folder located on your boot volume. As a convenience, the folder is included in Deskbar's Be Menu, as explained in The Deskbar, in Chapter 1.

This chapter contains:

Working with BeOS Applications

Here's how you launch, switch between, and quit applications. Keep in mind that because the BeOS is multitasking, you can run many applications at the same time. 

  Launching an Application

The obvious ways to start an application are by (a) double-clicking its icon, (b) selecting the icon (in a Tracker window) and choosing Open from the File menu, or (c) selecting the icon and pressing Enter. You can also launch an application by opening a file: Opening a file automatically launches the preferred app for that file. (To set the preferred app use the FileTypes preference.)

When an application is running, its name is added to the Application List in the Deskbar. When you select an app in the Application List, you can see its open and hidden windows as explained in The Application List in Chapter 1.

  The Active Application and Switching Apps

While all running applications are "active," in the sense that they can all be doing work at the same time, the application in the frontmost window (with the yellow tab) is referred to as the active application, and responds to keyboard actions. 

NOTE: The exception to the active window being frontmost occurs if you check the Focus Follows Mouse checkbox in the Mouse  preferences. In that case, the active window is the one the mouse is pointing to, whether it's frontmost or not.

Switching between Applications

You can switch easily between applications by clicking in an open window belonging to the application you want to switch to. In addition, you can use the Deskbar's Application List or you can use the Twitcher application, as explained below.

The Twitcher

Twitcher lets you see and switch between running applications and their windows. To bring up the Twitcher, press and hold Control, and then press and release Tab. The Twitcher window looks like this:

With Control still held down, successive Tabs (or left/right arrows) will cycle through your open applications. The up/down arrow cycles through an app's windows. To switch to the app (and window therein) that Twitcher is pointing to, simply release the Control key. The application's window comes to the front on your desktopl; if the window is in another workspace, you're taken to that workspace. 

  Quitting an Application

To quit an application nicely, you can (a) choose the Quit menu command, generally found in the File menu, (b) type Alt+Q, the shortcut key for Quit, or (c) close the app's last open window—most applications are designed to quit when all their windows have been closed.  If you're running a full-screen application such as the Dominoes demo or many games, pressing Alt+Q is the only way to quit.

Killing an App: The Team Monitor

If an application or server is causing problems, but the trouble falls short of a system crash, you can use the Team Monitor to kill the app or server without having to reboot.  To launch Team Monitor, press Control+Alt+Delete; this brings up a selection window that shows all currently running apps and servers.  Highlight the application you want to kill and press Kill.  When you're done killing, press Cancel to dismiss the Team Monitor window. Note that the Team Monitor window blocks all other apps until you dismiss it.

CAUTION: If you press Control+Alt+Delete while the Team Monitor window is present, your computer will reboot.

Working with Files

If you've ever turned on a computer, chances are you already know how to open a file, create a new one, save it, and close it. Here's some additional information for handling files in the BeOS.

  The "Open With" Window

When you open a file, the application that's designated as the file's preferred application is told to display the file's contents. However, there are times when you may want to use some other application to view the file. To get a list of candidate applications, select a file in a Tracker window and choose the Open With command in the File menu. An Open With window is displayed that shows all the applications the system thinks it can use to open the file.

The applications are divided into four "relations", or aptness for opening the file:

• The first relation always contains the preferred application (only).

• The second relation includes all applications that handle the file's "specific" type.

• The third relation includes applications that know how to handle the file's generic type. Examples would be video applications that open any MPEG file, or applications that open any type of text file, whether the text is in a word processing file or source code file.

• In the fourth relation are wildcard applications that will try to open any file.

If you select an application other than the preferred one, the Open and Make Preferred button becomes live. This button makes the application you choose the preferred app to open this file and all other files of the same type. Selecting an app in the list and choosing Open uses the chosen app without changing the identity of the preferred application.

NOTE: If the system can't identify the type of file you're trying to open, the Open With window will list all applications, and list as them as "Does not handle file." If you choose one of these apps, an overly-cautious dialog warns you that the application you've selected to open your file doesn't support the file.

You can also get to the Open With list by popping open a file's context menu. The four relations are divided graphically:

  Opening a File by Dragging and Dropping

You can drag a file onto an application icon to open it in that application. If the application is able to open the file, its icon is highlighted. Drag and drop is a good way to open a file in an application that isn't the preferred app, because it doesn't reset the preferred app. For example, let's say you want to edit an HTML document. Rather than double-click the icon, which would launch NetPositive, you would drop it onto the StyledEdit application. 

When you drag a file and hold it over an app that doesn't know how to open the file, the app's icon doesn't highlight, and the app won't open the file. To force the app to accept the file, hold down the Control key when you drop the file icon.

  Clippings

Clippings is a BeOS feature that lets you make a persistent file of data that you drag out of an open document. You create a clipping file by selecting some data (text or graphics, for example) and dropping the selection on the desktop.  The clipping appears as a file that's named, by default, "Clipping from filename", where filename is the name of the file that the text was dragged from. 

If you right-click and drag an image clipping out of a ShowImage application window, a menu pops up asking you what format you want to save the clipping as.

You can drag the clipping file into any application that accepts the file's data. What happens when you do this depends on the application you drop the clipping file into.  For example, if you drop a text clipping into a StyledEdit window, it appears as the original selected text; if you drop it into a Terminal window you'll see the directory path to the clipping file.

To delete a clipping, drag its icon to the trash.