PMAKE(1) RISC/os Reference Manual PMAKE(1)
NAME
pmake - maintain program dependencies
SYNOPSIS
pmake [-epiknqrstv] [-Dvariable][-dflags]
[-fmakefile][-rdirectory] [-jmax_jobs]
[variable=value] [target ...]
DESCRIPTION
Pmake is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of
other programs. Its input is a ``makefile'' which specifies
files that programs and other files are dependent upon.
This manual page is intended as a reference document only.
For a more thorough description of pmake and makefiles,
please refer to Pmake- A Tutorial.
The options are as follows:
-variable
Define variable to be 1, in the global context.
-dflags
Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of make
are to print debugging information. Flags is one or
more of the following:
A Print all possible debugging information;
equivalent to specifying all of the debugging
flags.
a Print debugging information about archive search-
ing and caching.
c Print debugging information about conditional
evaluation.
d Print debugging information about directory
searching and caching.
g1 Print the input graph before making anything.
g2 Print the input graph after making everything, or
before exiting on error.
j Print debugging information about running multiple
shells.
m Print debugging information about making targets,
including modification dates.
s Print debugging information about suffix-
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transformation rules.
t Print debugging information about target list
maintenance.
v Print debugging information about variable assign-
ment.
-Fmakefile
Specify a makefile to read. If no makefile is speci-
fied, the files ``makefile'' and ``Makefile'' are
searched for, in that order. If makefile is ``-'',
standard input is read. Multiple makefile's may be
specified, and are read in the order specified.
-Idirectory
Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles
and included makefiles. The system makefile directory
is automatically included as part of this list.
-p Print out the complete set of macro definitions and
target descriptions.
-i Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile.
Equivalent to specifying ``-'' before each command line
in the makefile.
-jmax_jobs
Specify the maximum number of jobs that pmake may have
running at any one time.
-k Continue processing after errors are encountered, but
only on those targets that do not depend on the target
whose creation caused the error.
-n Display the commands that would have been executed, but
do not actually execute them. -q Do not execute any
commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are up-
to-date and 1, otherwise.
-r Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system
makefile.
-s Do not echo any commands as they are executed.
Equivalent to specifying ``@'' before each command line
in the makefile.
-t Rather than re-building a target as specified in the
makefile, create it or update its modification time to
make it appear up-to-date.
variable=value
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Set the value of the variable variable to value.
There are six different types of lines in a makefile: file
dependency specifications, shell commands, variable assign-
ments, include statements, conditional directives, and com-
ments.
In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next
by ending them with a backslash (``\''). The trailing new-
line character and initial whitespace on the following line
are compressed into a single space.
FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS
Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an opera-
tor, and zero or more sources. This creates a relationship
where the targets ``depend'' on the sources and are usually
created from them. The exact relationship between the tar-
get and the source is determined by the operator that
separates them. The three operators are as follows:
: A target is considered out-of-date if its modification
time is less than those of any of its sources. Sources
for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this
operator is used. The target is removed if make is
interrupted.
! Targets are always re-created, but not until all
sources have been examined and re-created as necessary.
Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines
when this operator is used. The target is removed if
make is interrupted.
:: If no sources are specified, the target is always re-
created. Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date
if any of its sources has been modified more recently
than the target. Sources for a target do not accumu-
late over dependency lines when this operator is used.
The target will not be removed if make is interrupted.
Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values
``?'', ``*'', ``[]'' and ``{}''. The values ``?'', ``*''
and ``[]'' may only be used as part of the final component
of the target or source, and must be used to describe exist-
ing files. The value ``{}'' need not necessarily be used to
describe existing files. Expansion is in directory order,
not alphabetically as done in the shell.
SHELL COMMANDS
Each target may have associated with it a series of shell
commands, normally used to create the target. Each of the
commands in this script must be preceded by a tab. While
any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of
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these dependencies may be followed by a creation script,
unless the ``::'' operator is used.
If the first or first two characters of the command line are
``@'' and/or ``-'', the command is treated specially. A
``@'' causes the command not to be echoed before it is exe-
cuted. A ``-'' causes any non-zero exit status of the com-
mand line to be ignored.
VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS
Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and,
by tradition, consist of all upper-case letters. The five
operators that can be used to assign values to variables are
as follows:
= Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value
is overridden.
+= Append the value to the current value of the variable.
?= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already
defined.
:= Assign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before
assigning it to the variable. Normally, expansion is
not done until the variable is referenced.
!= Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution
and assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in
the result are replaced with spaces.
Any white-space before the assigned value is removed; if the
value is being appended, a single space is inserted between
the previous contents of the variable and the appended
value.
Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with
either curly braces (``{}'') or parenthesis (``()'') and
preceding it with a dollar sign (``$''). If the variable
name contains only a single letter, the surrounding braces
or parenthesis are not required. This shorter form is not
recommended.
Variable substitution occurs at two distinct times, depend-
ing on where the variable is being used. Variables in
dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. Vari-
ables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command
is executed.
The four different classes of variables (in order of
increasing precedence) are:
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environment variables
Variables defined as part of make's environment.
global variables
Variables defined in the makefile or in included
makefiles.
command line variables
Variables defined as part of the command line.
local variables
Variables that are defined specific to a certain tar-
get. The seven local variables are as follows:
.ALLSRC
The list of all sources for this target; also
known as ``>''.
.ARCHIVE
The name of the archive file.
.IMPSRC
The name/path of the source from which the target
is to be transformed (the ``implied'' source);
also known as ``<''.
.MEMBER
The name of the archive member.
.OODATE
The list of sources for this target that were
deemed out-of-date; also known as ``?''.
.PREFIX
The file prefix of the file, containing only the
file portion, no suffix or preceding directory
components; also known as ``*'.
.TARGET
The name of the target; also known as ``@''.
The shorter forms ``@'', ``?'', ``>'' and ``*'' are
permitted for backward compatibility with historical
makefiles and are not recommended. The six variables
``@F'', ``@D'', ``<F'', ``<D'', ``*F'' and ``*D'' are
permitted for compatibility with System V makefiles and
are not recommended.
Four of the local variables may be used in sources on
dependency lines because they expand to the proper
value for each target on the line. These variables are
``.TARGET'', ``.PREFIX'', ``.ARCHIVE'', and
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``.MEMBER''.
In addition, make sets or knows about the following
variables:
$ A single dollar sign (``$''), i.e.
``$$'' expands to a single dollar sign.
.MAKE The name that make was executed with
(argv) [0].
.CURDIR A path to the directory where make was
executed.
MAKEFLAGS The environment variable ``MAKEFLAGS''
may contain anything that may be speci-
fied on make's command line. Anything
specified on make's command line is
appended to the ``MAKEFLAGS'' variable
which is then entered into the environ-
ment for all programs which make exe-
cutes.
Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify
each word of the variable (where a ``word'' is white-
space delimited sequence of characters). The general
format of a variable expansion is as follows:
{variable[:modifier[:...]]}
Each modifier begins with a colon and one of the fol-
lowing special characters. The colon may be escaped
with a backslash (``\'').
E Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
H Replaces each word in the variable with everything but
the last component.
Mpattern
Select only those words that match the rest of the
modifier. The standard shell wildcard characters
(``*'', ``?'', and ``[]'' may be used. The wildcard
characters may be escaped with a backslash (``\'').
Npattern
This is identical to ``M'', but selects all words which
do not match the rest of the modifier.
R Replaces each word in the variable with everything but
its suffix.
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S/old_pattern/new_pattern/[g]
Modify the first occurrence of old_pattern in each word
to be replaced with new_pattern. If a ``g'' is
appended to the last slash of the pattern, all
occurrences in each word are replaced. If old_pattern
begins with a carat (``^''), old_pattern is anchored at
the beginning of each word. If old_pattern ends with a
dollar sign (``$''), it is anchored at the end of each
word. Inside new_string, an ampersand (``&'') is
replaced by old_pattern. Any character may be used as
a delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The
anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters may be
escaped with a backslash (``\'').
Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside
both old_string and new_string with the single excep-
tion that a backslash is used to prevent the expansion
of a dollar sign (``$''), not a preceding dollar sign
as is usual.
T Replaces each word in the variable with its last com-
ponent. old_string=new_string This is the System V
style variable substitution. It must be the last
modifier specified. Old_string is anchored at the end
of each word, so only suffixes or entire words may be
replaced.
INCLUDE STATEMENTS AND CONDITIONALS
Makefile inclusion and conditional structures reminiscent of
the C programming language are provided in make. All such
structures are identified by a line beginning with a single
dot (``.'') character. Files are included with either
``.include <file>'' or ``.include "file"''. Variables
between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to
form the file name. If angle brackets are used, the
included makefile is expected to be in the system makefile
directory. If double quotes are used, the including
makefile's directory and any directories specified using the
-I option are searched before the system makefile directory.
Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as
the first chraracter of a line. The possible conditionals
are as follows:
.undef variable
Un-define the specified global variable. Only global
variables may be un-defined.
.if [!] expression[operator expression ...]
Test the value of an expression.
.ifdef[!]variable[operator variable ...]
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Test the value of an variable.
.ifndef[!]variable[operator variable ...]
Test the value of an variable.
.ifmake[!]target[operator target ...]
Test the the target being built.
.ifnmake[!]target[operator target ...]
Test the target being built.
.else
Reverse the sense of the last conditional.
.elif[!]expression[operator expression ...]
A combination of ``.else'' followed by ``.if''.
.elifdef[!]variable[operator variable ...]
A combination of ``.else'' followed by ``.ifdef''.
.elifndef[!]variable[operator variable ...]
A combination of ``.else'' followed by ``.ifndef''.
.elifmake[!]target[operator target ...]
A combination of ``.else'' followed by ``.ifmake''.
.elifnmake[!]target[operator target ...]
A combination of ``.else'' followed by ``.ifnmake''.
.endif
End the body of the conditional.
The operator may be any one of the following:
|| logical OR
&& Logical AND; of higher precedence than ``''.
As in C, make will only evaluate a conditional as far as is
necessary to determine its value. Parenthesis may be used
to change the order of evaluation. The boolean operator
``!'' may be used to logically negate an entire conditional.
It is of higher precendence than ``&&''.
The value of expression may be any of the following:
defined
Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to
true if the variable has been defined.
make Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to
true if the target was specified as part of make's
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command line or was declared the default target (either
implicitly or explicitly, see .MAIN) before the line
containing the conditional.
empty
Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evalutes
to true if the expansion of the variable would result
in an empty string.
exists
Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true
if the file exists. The file is searched for on the
system search path (see .PATH).
target
Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to
true if the target has been defined.
Expression may also be an arithmetic or string comparison,
with the left-hand side being a variable expansion. The
standard C relational operators are all supported, and the
usual number/base conversion is performed. Note, octal
numbers are not supported. If the righthand value of a
``=='' or ``!='' operator begins with a quotation mark
(``"'') a string comparison is done between the expanded
variable and the text between the quotation marks. If no
relational operator is given, it is assumed that the
expanded variable is being compared against 0.
When make is evaluating one of these conditional expression,
and it encounters a word it doesn't recognize, either the
``make'' or ``defined'' expression is applied to it, depend-
ing on the form of the conditional. If the form is
``.ifdef'' or ``.ifndef'', the ``defined'' expression is
applied. Similarly, if the form is ``.ifmake'' or
``.ifnmake'', the ``make'' expression is applied.
If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the
makefile continues as before. If it evaluates to false, the
following lines are skipped. In both cases this continues
until a ``.else'' or ``.endif'' is found.
COMMENTS
Comments begin with a hash (``#'') character, anywhere but
in a shell command line, and continue to the end of the
line.
SPECIAL SOURCES
.IGNORE
Ignore any errors from the commands associated with
this target, exactly as if they all were preceded by a
dash (``-'').
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.MAKE
Execute the commands associated with this target even
if the -n or -t options were specified. Normally used
to mark recursive make's.
.NOTMAIN
Normally make selects the first target it encounters as
the default target to be built if no target was speci-
fied. This source prevents this target from being
selected.
.OPTIONAL
If a target is marked with this attribute and make
can't figure out how to create it, it will ignore this
fact and assume the file isn't needed or already
exists.
.PRECIOUS
When make is interrupted, it removes any partially made
targets. This source prevents the target from being
removed.
.SILENT
Do not echo any of the commands associated with this
target, exactly as if they all were preceded by an at
sign (``@'').
.USE Turn the target into make's version of a macro. When
the target is used as a source for another target, the
other target acquires the commands, sources, and attri-
butes (except for .USE) of the source. If the target
already has commands, the .USE target's commands are
appended to them.
SPECIAL TARGETS
Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e.
they must be the only target specified.
.BEGIN
Any command lines attached to this target are executed
before anything else is done.
.DEFAULT
This is sort of a .USE rule for any target (that was
used only as a source) that make can't figure out any
other way to create. Only the shell script is used.
The .IMPSRC variable of a target that inherits
.DEFAULT's commands is set to the target's own name.
.END Any command lines attached to this target are executed
after everything else is done.
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.IGNORE
Mark each of the sources with the .IGNORE attribute.
If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of
specifying the -i option.
.INTERRUPT
If make is interrupted, the commands for this target
will be executed.
.MAIN
If no target is specified when make is invoked, this
target will be built.
.MAKEFLAGS
This target provides a way to specify flags for make
when the makefile is used. The flags are as if typed
to the shell, though the -f option will have no effect.
.PATH
The sources are directories which are to be searched
for files not found in the current directory. If no
sources are specified, any previously specified direc-
tories are deleted.
.PRECIOUS
Apply the .PRECIOUS attribute to any specified sources.
If no sources are specified, the .PRECIOUS attribute is
applied to every target in the file.
.SILENT
Apply the .SILENT attribute to any specified sources.
If no sources are specified, the .SILENT attribute is
applied to every command in the file.
.SUFFIXES
Each source specifies a suffix to make. If no sources
are specified, any previous specifies suffices are
deleted.
ENVIRONMENT
Make utilizes the following environment variables, if they
exist: MAKE, MAKEFLAGS and MAKEOBJDIR.
FILES
/usr/share/mk system makefile directory
sys.mk include system makefile
bsd.mk BSD source tree template
subdir.mk BSD source tree subdirectory template
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HISTORY
Make appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. The make this man
page describes is derived from code contributed by Adam de
Boor.
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