INTRO(1)            RISC/os Reference Manual             INTRO(1)



NAME
     intro - introduction to commands and application programs

DESCRIPTION
     This section describes, in alphabetical order, commands
     available for the AT&T 3B2 Computer.  Certain distinctions
     of purpose are made in the headings.

     The following Utility packages are delivered with the com-
     puter:

       BSD Compatibility Package
       Basic Networking Utilities
       C Programming Language Utilities
       Directory and File Management Utilities
       Distributed File Systems Utilities
       Editing Utilities
       Encryption Utilities (CRYPT)
       Essential Boot Utilities
       Essential Utilities
       Ethernet Media Driver Utilities
       Extended Software Generation System Utilities
       Framed Access Command Environment (FACE) Utilities
       Inter-Process Communication (IPC) Utilities
       Internet Utilities
       Line Printer Spooling Utilities
       Network File System Utilities
       Networking Support Utilities
       OPEN LOOK/Graphics Utilities
       Remote File System Utilities
       Remote Procedure Call Utilities
       Spell Utilities
       System Administration Utilities
       System Header Files
       System Performance Analysis Utilities (SPAU)
       Terminal Information Utilities
       UFS Utilities
       User Environment Utilities
       Windowing Utilities
       XENIX Compatibility Package

   Manual Page Command Syntax
     Unless otherwise noted, commands described in the SYNOPSIS
     section of a manual page accept options and other arguments
     according to the following syntax and should be interpreted
     as explained below.

     name [-option...]  [cmdarg...]
     where:

     [ ]          Surround an option or cmdarg that is not
                  required.



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     ...          Indicates multiple occurrences of the option or
                  cmdarg.

     name         The name of an executable file.

     option       (Always preceded by a -.)
                  noargletter...  or,
                  argletter optarg[,...]

     noargletter  A single letter representing an option without
                  an option-argument.  Note that more than one
                  noargletter option can be grouped after one -
                  (Rule 5, below).

     argletter    A single letter representing an option requir-
                  ing an option-argument.

     optarg       An option-argument (character string) satisfy-
                  ing a preceding argletter.  Note that groups of
                  optargs following an argletter must be
                  separated by commas, or separated by white
                  space and quoted (Rule 8, below).

     cmdarg       Path name (or other command argument) not
                  beginning with -, or - by itself indicating the
                  standard input.

   Command Syntax Standard: Rules
     These command syntax rules are not followed by all current
     commands, but all new commands will obey them.  getopts(1)
     should be used by all shell procedures to parse positional
     parameters and to check for legal options.  It supports
     Rules 3 - 10 below.  The enforcement of the other rules must
     be done by the command itself.

          1.   Command names (name above) must be between two and
               nine characters long.

          2.   Command names must include only lower-case letters
               and digits.

          3.   Option names (option above) must be one character
               long.

          4.   All options must be preceded by -.

          5.   Options with no arguments may be grouped after a
               single -.

          6.   The first option-argument (optarg above) following
               an option must be preceded by white space.




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          7.   Option-arguments cannot be optional.

          8.   Groups of option-arguments following an option
               must either be separated by commas or separated by
               white space and quoted (for example, -o xxx,z,yy
               or -o "xxx z yy").

          9.   All options must precede operands (cmdarg above)
               on the command line.

          10.  -- may be used to indicate the end of the options.

          11.  The order of the options relative to one another
               should not matter.

          12.  The relative order of the operands (cmdarg above)
               may affect their significance in ways determined
               by the command with which they appear.

          13.  - preceded and followed by white space should only
               be used to mean standard input.

SEE ALSO
     getopts(1).
     exit(2), wait(2), getopt(3C) in the Programmer's Reference
     Manual.
     How to Get Started, at the front of this document.

DIAGNOSTICS
     Upon termination, each command returns two bytes of status,
     one supplied by the system and giving the cause for termina-
     tion, and (in the case of normal termination) one supplied
     by the program [see wait(2) and exit(2)].  The former byte
     is 0 for normal termination; the latter is customarily 0 for
     successful execution and non-zero to indicate troubles such
     as erroneous parameters, or bad or inaccessible data.  It is
     called variously exit code, exit status, or return code, and
     is described only where special conventions are involved.

WARNINGS
     Some commands produce unexpected results when processing
     files containing null characters.  These commands often
     treat text input lines as strings and therefore become con-
     fused upon encountering a null character (the string termi-
     nator) within a line.










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