CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
NAME
cc - MIPS C compiler
SYNOPSIS
cc [ option ] ... file ...
DESCRIPTION
cc, the MIPS ucode C compiler, produces files in the follow-
ing formats: MIPS object code in MIPS extended coff format
(the normal result), binary or symbolic ucode, ucode object
files and binary or symbolic assembly language. cc accepts
several types of arguments:
Arguments whose names end with `.c' are assumed to be C
source programs. They are compiled, and each object program
is left in the file whose name consists of the last com-
ponent of the source with `.o' substituted for `.c'. The
`.o' file is only deleted when a single source program is
compiled and loaded all at once.
Arguments whose names end with `.s' are assumed to be sym-
bolic assembly language source programs. They are assem-
bled, producing a `.o' file.
Arguments whose names end with `.i' are assumed to be C
source after being processed by the C preprocessor. They
are compiled without being processed by the C preprocessor.
If the highest level of optimization is specified (with the
-O3 flag) or only ucode object files are to be produced
(with the -j flag) each C source file is compiled into a
ucode object file. The ucode object file is left in a file
whose name consists of the last component of the source with
`.u' substituted for `.c'.
The suffixes described below primarily aid compiler develop-
ment and are not generally used. Arguments whose names end
with `.B', `.O', `.S', and `.M' are assumed to be binary
ucode, produced by the front end, optimizer, ucode object
file splitter and ucode merger respectively. Arguments
whose names end with `.U' are assumed to be symbolic ucode.
Arguments whose names end with `.G' are assumed to be binary
assembly language, which is produced by the code generator
and the symbolic to binary assembler.
Files that are assumed to be binary ucode, symbolic ucode,
or binary assembly language by the suffix conventions are
also assumed to have their corresponding symbol table in a
file with a `.T' suffix.
cc always defines the C preprocessor macros mips, hostmips
and unix to the C macro preprocessor and defines the C
Printed 1/15/91 Page 1
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
preprocessor macro LANGUAGEC when a `.c' file is being com-
piled. cc will define the C preprocessor macro
LANGUAGEASSEMBLY when a `.s' file is being compiled. It
also defines SYSTYPESYSV by default but this changes if the
-systype name option is specified (see the description
below).
The following options are interpreted by cc. See ld(1) for
load-time options.
-c Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and
force an object file to be produced even if only one
program is compiled.
-g0 Have the compiler produce no symbol table informa-
tion for symbolic debugging. This is the default.
-g1 Have the compiler produce additional symbol table
information for accurate but limited symbolic debug-
ging of partially optimized code.
-g or -g2
Have the compiler produce additional symbol table
information for full symbolic debugging and not do
optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.
-g3 Have the compiler produce additional symbol table
information for full symbolic debugging for fully
optimized code. This option makes the debugger
inaccurate.
-w Suppress warning messages.
-p0 Do not permit any profiling. This is the default.
If loading happens, the standard runtime startup
routine (crt1.o) is used, no profiling library is
searched.
-p1 or -p
Set up for profiling by periodically sampling the
value of the program counter. This option only
affects the loading. When loading happens, this
option replaces the standard runtime startup routine
with the profiling runtime startup routine (mcrt1.o)
and searches the level 1 profiling library
(libprof1.a). When profiling happens, the startup
routine calls monstartup see monitor(3) and produces
a file mon.out that contains execution-profiling
data for use with the postprocessor prof(l).
-O0 Turn off all optimizations.
Page 2 Printed 1/15/91
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
-O1 Turn on all optimizations that can be done quickly.
This is the default.
-O or -O2
Invoke the global ucode optimizer.
-O3 Do all optimizations, including global register
allocation. This option must precede all source
file arguments. With this option, a ucode object
file is created for each C source file and left in a
`.u' file. The newly created ucode object files,
the ucode object files specified on the command line
and the runtime startup routine and all the runtime
libraries are ucode linked. Optimization is done on
the resulting ucode linked file and then it is
linked as normal producing an ``a.out'' file. No
resulting `.o' file is left from the ucode linked
result as in previous releases. In fact -c can no
longer be specified with -O3.
-feedback file
Used with the -cord option to specify file to be
used as a feedback file. This file is produced by
prof(1) with its -feedback option from an execution
of the program produced by pixie(1).
-cord Run the procedure-rearranger, cord(1), on the
resulting file after linking. The rearrangement is
done to reduce the cache conflicts of the program's
text. The output of cord(1) is left in the file
specified by the -o output option or `a.out' by
default. At least one -feedback file must be speci-
fied.
-j Compile the specified source programs, and leave the
ucode object file output in corresponding files suf-
fixed with `.u'.
-ko output
Name the output file created by the ucode loader as
output. This file is not removed. If this file is
compiled, the object file is left in a file whose
name consists of output with the suffix changed to a
`.o'. If output has no suffix, a `.o' suffix is
appended to output.
-k Pass options that start with a -k to the ucode
loader. This option is used to specify ucode
libraries (with -klx ) and other ucode loader
options.
-S Compile the specified source programs and leave the
Printed 1/15/91 Page 3
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
symbolic assembly language output in corresponding
files suffixed with `.s'.
-P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result
for each source file (by suffix convention, i.e.
`.c' and `.s') in a corresponding `.i' file. The
`.i' file has no `#' lines in it. This sets the
-cpp option.
-E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the files
(regardless of any suffix or not), and send the
result to the standard output. This sets the -cpp
option.
-C
-M
-Q These three options are passed directly to cpp(1).
Please see cpp(1) for details.
-Dname=def
-Dname Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if
by `#define'. If no definition is given, the name
is defined as "1".
-Uname Remove any initial definition of name.
-Idir `#include' files whose names do not begin with `/'
are always sought first in the directory of the file
argument, then in directories specified in -I
options, and finally in the standard directory
(/usr/include).
-I This option will cause `#include' files never to be
searched for in the standard directory
(/usr/include).
-o output
Name the final output file output. If this option
is used, the file `a.out' is undisturbed.
-G num Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item
that is to be accessed from the global pointer. num
is assumed to be a decimal number. If num is zero,
no data is accessed from the global pointer. The
default value for num is 8 bytes.
-v Print the passes as they execute with their argu-
ments and their input and output files. Also print
resource usage in the C-shell time(1) format.
-V Print the version of the driver and the versions of
all passes. This is done with the what(1) command.
Page 4 Printed 1/15/91
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
-std[0,1]
Have the compiler produce warnings for language con-
structs that are not standard in the language.
-std0 enforces the K & R standard, -std1 enforces
the ANSI C standard (incomplete) and -std enforces
the ANSI C standard (incomplete) with popular exten-
sions. The -std0 option causes the macro STDC=1
to be passed to the preprocessor. The default is
-std0, until ANSI C is supported.
Currently the only difference -std1 (or -std) pro-
vides is the type of a integral constant can be
signed or unsigned based on the ANSI rules. In K&R
mode (default), the integral constant's type is
always int.
-Xt or -traditional
Is the same as the -std0 option.
-Xc or -pedantic
Is the same as the -std1 option.
-Xa Is the same as the -std option.
-cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on C and assembly
source files before compiling. This is the default
for cc.
-nocpp Do not run the C macro preprocessor on C and assem-
bly source files before compiling.
-Olimit num
Specify the maximum size, in basic blocks, of a rou-
tine that will be optimized by the global optimizer.
If a routine has more than this number of basic
blocks it will not be optimized and a message will
be printed. An option specifying that the global
optimizer is to be run (-O, -O2, or -O3) must also
be specified. num is assumed to be a decimal
number. The default value for num is 500 basic
blocks.
-edit[0-9]
Invoke the editor of choice (as defined by the
environment variable EDITOR), or vi(1) (if EDITOR is
not defined) when syntax or semantic errors are
detected by the compiler's frontend. When compiling
on a character based terminal, the compile job has
to be in the foreground for this option to take
effect. For compile jobs done on a RISCwindow based
terminal/workstation, this option would always take
effect whether it is in the foreground or
Printed 1/15/91 Page 5
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
background. The editor is invoked with two files:
the error message file and the source file. First
use the error message file to locate the line
numbers of all the errors, then switch to the source
file to make corrections. Once you exit out of the
editor, the compile job is restarted. This process
can be repeated up to 9 times, depending on the sin-
gle digit number specified in the option. If no
number is specified in the option, this compile-
edit-compile process repeats indefinitely until all
errors are corrected. -edit0 turns off this edit
feature.
-trapuv Force all un-initialized stack, automatic and dynam-
ically allocated variables to be initialized with
0xFFFA5A5A. When this value is used as a floating
point variable, it is treated as a floating point
NaN and it will cause a floating point trap. When
it is used as a pointer, an address or segmentation
violation will most likely to occur.
-framepointer
Assert the requirement of frame pointer for all pro-
cedures defined in the source file.
Either object file target byte ordering can be produced by
cc. The default target byte ordering matches the machine
where the compiler is running. The options -EB and -EL
specify the target byte ordering (big-endian and little-
endian, respectively). The compiler also defines a C
preprocessor macro for the target byte ordering. These C
preprocessor macros are MIPSEB and MIPSEL for big-endian and
little-endian byte ordering respectively.
If the specified target byte ordering does not match the
machine where the compiler is running, then the runtime
startups and libraries come from /usr/libeb for big-endian
runtimes on a little-endian machine and from /usr/libel for
little-endian runtimes on a big-endian machine.
-EB Produce object files targeted for big-endian byte ord-
ering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEB is defined by
the compiler.
-EL Produce object files targeted for little-endian byte
ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEL is defined
by the compiler.
The following options are specific to cc:
-signed
Cause all char declarations to be signed char
Page 6 Printed 1/15/91
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
declarations, the default is to treat them as unsigned
char declarations.
-volatile
Cause all variables to be treated as volatile.
-varargs
Print warnings for lines that may require the varargs.h
macros.
-float
Cause the compiler to never promote expressions of type
float to type double.
The option described below is primarily used to provide UNIX
compilation environments other than the native compilation
environment.
-systype name
Use the named compilation environment name. The names
of the compilation environments supported are bsd43 and
sysv. This has the effect of changing the standard
directory for `#include' files, the runtime libraries
and where runtime libraries are searched for. The new
items are located in their usual paths but with /name
prepended to their paths. Also a preprocessor macro of
the form SYSTYPENAME (with name capitalized) is
defined in place of the default SYSTYPESYSV.
-mips1
Generate code using the instruction set of the
R2000/R3000 RISC architecture. This is the default for
all MIPS systems.
-mips2
Generate code using the instruction set of the R6000
RISC architecture.
The options described below primarily aid compiler develop-
ment and are not generally used:
-Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the charac-
ter c, producing an intermediate file for the next
pass. The c can be [ fjusmoca ]. It selects the com-
piler pass in the same way as the -t option. If this
option is used, the symbol table file produced and used
by the passes, is the last component of the source file
with the suffix changed to `.T' and is not removed.
-K Build and use intermediate file names with the last
component of the source file's name replacing its suf-
fix with the conventional suffix for the type of file
Printed 1/15/91 Page 7
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
(for example `.B' file for binary ucode, produced by
the front end). These intermediate files are never
removed even when a pass encounters a fatal error.
When ucode linking is performed and the -K option is
specified the base name of the files created after the
ucode link is `u.out' by default. If -ko output is
specified, the base name of the object file is output
without the suffix if it exists or suffixes are
appended to output if it has no suffix.
-# Converts binary ucode files (`.B') or optimized binary
ucode files (`.O') to symbolic ucode (a `.U' file)
using btou(1). If a symbolic ucode file is to be pro-
duced by converting the binary ucode from the C com-
piler front end then the front end option -Xu is used
instead of btou(1).
-Wc[c...],arg1[,arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the compiler pass/passes:
c[c..]. The c's are one of [ pfjusmocablyz ]. The c's
selects the compiler pass in the same way as the -t
option.
The options -t[hpfjusmocablyzrnt], -hpath, and -Bstring
select a name to use for a particular pass, startup routine,
or standard library. These arguments are processed from
left to right so their order is significant. When the -B
option is encountered, the selection of names takes place
using the last -h and -t options. Therefore, the -B option
is always required when using -h or -t. Sets of these
options can be used to select any combination of names.
The -EB or -EL options, the -p[01] options and the -systype
option must precede all -B options because they can affect
the location of runtimes and what runtimes are used.
-t[hpfjusmocablyzrnt]
Select the names. The names selected are those desig-
nated by the characters following the -t option accord-
ing to the following table:
Name Character
include h (see note below)
cpp p
ccom f
ujoin j
uld u
usplit s
umerge m
uopt o
ugen c
as0 a
as1 b
Page 8 Printed 1/15/91
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
ld l
ftoc y
cord z
[m]crt[1n].o r
libprof1.a n
btou, utob t
If the character `h' is in the -t argument then a directory
is added to the list of directories to be used in searching
for `#include' files. This directory name has the form
COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring. This directory is to
contain the include files for the string release of the com-
piler. The standard directory is still searched.
-hpath
Use path rather than the directory where the name is
normally found.
-Bstring
Append string to all names specified by the -t option.
If no -t option has been processed before the -B, the
-t option is assumed to be ``hpfjusmocablyzrnt''. This
list designates all names. If no -t argument has been
processed before the -B then a -Bstring is passed to
the loader to use with its -lx arguments.
Invoking the compiler with a name of the form ccstring has
the same effect as using a -Bstring option on the command
line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value
is used as the root directory for all pass names rather than
the default /. If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT
is set, the value is used as the root directory for all
include and library names rather than the default /. This
affects the standard directory for `#include' files,
/usr/include, and the standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a. If
this is set, the first directory that is searched for
libraries, using the -lx option, is
COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc. The standard direc-
tories for libraries are then searched, see ld(1).
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used
as the directory to place any temporary files rather than
the default /tmp/.
If the environment variable RLS_ID_OBJECT is set, the value
is used as the name of an object to link in if a link takes
place. This is used to add release identification informa-
tion to objects. It is always the last object specified to
the loader. See rls_id(1) for the tools to create this
information.
Printed 1/15/91 Page 9
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
Other arguments are assumed to be either loader options or
C-compatible object files, typically produced by an earlier
cc run, or perhaps libraries of C-compatible routines.
These files, together with the results of any compilations
specified, are loaded in the order given, producing an exe-
cutable program with the default name a.out.
FILES
file.c input file
file.o object file
a.out loaded output
/tmp/ctm? temporary
/usr/lib/cpp C macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/ccom C front end
/usr/lib/ujoin binary ucode and symbol table joiner
/usr/bin/uld ucode loader
/usr/lib/usplit binary ucode and symbol table splitter
/usr/lib/umerge procedure intergrator
/usr/lib/uopt optional global ucode optimizer
/usr/lib/ugen code generator
/usr/lib/as0 symbolic to binary assembly language
translator
/usr/lib/as1 binary assembly language assembler and
reorganizer
/usr/lib/crt1.o runtime startup
/usr/lib/crtn.o runtime startup
/usr/lib/mcrt1.o startup for profiling
/usr/lib/libc.a standard library, see intro(3)
/usr/lib/libprof1.a level 1 profiling library
/usr/include standard directory for `#include' files
/usr/bin/ld MIPS loader
/usr/lib/ftoc interface between prof(1) and cord(1)
/usr/lib/cord procedure-rearranger
/usr/bin/btou binary to symbolic ucode translator
/usr/bin/utob symbolic to binary ucode translator
mon.out file produced for analysis by prof(1)
Runtime startups and libraries for the opposite byte sex of
machine the compiler is running on have the same names but
are located in different directories. For big-endian run-
times on a little-endian machine the directory is /usr/libeb
and for little-endian runtimes on a big-endian machine the
directory is /usr/libel.
SEE ALSO
B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming
Language, Prentice-Hall, 1978
B. W. Kernighan, Programming in C-a tutorial
D. M. Ritchie, C Reference Manual
RISCompiler and C Programmer's Guide.
as(1), cord(1), dbx(1), ftoc(1), ld(1), pixie(1), prof(1),
what(1).
monitor(3) in the Programmer's Reference Manual.
Page 10 Printed 1/15/91
CC(1-SysV) RISC/os Reference Manual CC(1-SysV)
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by cc are intended to be self-
explanatory. Occasional messages may be produced by the
assembler or loader.
NOTES
The standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a, is loaded by using
the -lc loader option and not a full path name. The wrong
one could be loaded if there are files with the name
libc.astring in the directories specified with the -L loader
option or in the default directories searched by the loader.
The handling of include directories and libc.a is confusing.
Printed 1/15/91 Page 11