NEWFS(8) 386BSD System Manager's Manual NEWFS(8)
NAME
newfs - construct a new file system
SYNOPSIS
newfs [-N] [newfs-options] special
DESCRIPTION
Newfs replaces the more obtuse mkfs(8) program. Before running newfs the
disk must be labeled using disklabel(8). Newfs builds a file system on
the specified special device basing its defaults on the information in
the disk label. Typically the defaults are reasonable, however newfs has
numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
In addition, this program is used internally by the system. Mountmfs is
used to build a file system in virtual memory and then mount it on a
specified node. Mountmfs exits and the contents of the file system are
lost when the file system is unmounted. If mountmfs is sent a signal
while running, for example during system shutdown, it will attempt to
unmount its corresponding file system. The parameters to mountmfs are
the same as those to newfs. The special file is only used to read the
disk label which provides a set of configuration parameters for the
memory based file system. The special file is typically that of the
primary swap area, since that is where the file system will be backed up
when free memory gets low and the memory supporting the file system has
to be paged.
The following options define the general layout policies.
-N Causes the file system parameters to be printed out without
really creating the file system.
-b block-size
The block size of the file system in bytes.
-f frag-size
The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
-m free space %
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the
minimum free space threshold. The default value used is 10%.
See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-o optimization preference
(``space'' or ``time'') The file system can either be
instructed to try to minimize the time spent allocating
blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the
disk. If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 10%,
the default is to optimize for space; if the value of minfree
greater than or equal to 10%, the default is to optimize for
time. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this
option.
-a maxcontig
This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that
will be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see -d
below). The default value is one. See tunefs(8) for more
details on how to set this option.
-d rotdelay
This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds) to service
a transfer completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer
on the same disk. The default is 4 milliseconds. See
tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-e maxbpg This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file
can allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to
begin allocating blocks from another cylinder group. The
default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a
cylinder group. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set
this option.
-i number of bytes per inode
This specifies the density of inodes in the file system. The
default is to create an inode for each 2048 bytes of data
space. If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should
be used; to create more inodes a smaller number should be
given.
-c #cylinders/group
The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
The default value used is 16.
-s size The size of the file system in sectors.
The following options override the standard sizes for the
disk geometry. Their default values are taken from the disk
label. Changing these defaults is useful only when using
newfs to build a file system whose raw image will eventually
be used on a different type of disk than the one on which it
is initially created (for example on a write-once disk).
Note that changing any of these values from their defaults
will make it impossible for fsck to find the alternate
superblocks if the standard super block is lost.
-r revolutions/minute
The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
-S sector-size
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but
512).
-u sectors/track
The number of sectors per track available for data allocation
by the file system. This does not include sectors reserved
at the end of each track for bad block replacement (see -p
below).
-t #tracks/cylinder
The number of tracks/cylinder available for data allocation
by the file system.
-p spare sectors per track
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
that occupy space at the end of each track. They are not
counted as part of the sectors/track (-u) since they are not
available to the file system for data allocation.
-x spare sectors per cylinder
Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors
that occupy space at the end of the last track in the
cylinder. They are deducted from the sectors/track (-u) of
the last track of each cylinder since they are not available
to the file system for data allocation.
-l hardware sector interleave
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
compensate for a slow controller. Interleave is physical
sector interleave on each track, specified as the denominator
of the ratio:
sectors read/sectors passed over
Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while
1/2 implies logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from
logical sector 1.
-k sector 0 skew, per track
Used to describe perturbations in the media format to
compensate for a slow controller. Track skew is the offset
of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0 on track N-1 on
the same cylinder.
The following option applies only to mountmfs.
-F mount flags
Used to pass in a decimal numeric value to be passed as mount
flags when running as a memory based file system. This
option is primarily intended for use when mountmfs is
started by the mount(8) command.
SEE ALSO
disktab(5), fs(5), disklabel(8), diskpart(8), fsck(8), format(8),
tunefs(8)
M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for
UNIX,", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual).
HISTORY
The newfs command appeared in 4.2BSD.
4.2 Berkeley Distribution March 16, 1991 3