TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
NAME
tty - general terminal interface for 6130 System
workstations
SYNOPSIS
#include <sgtty.h>
DESCRIPTION
NOTE: This tty interface might change in future releases.
This section describes both a particular special file
/dev/tty and the terminal drivers used for conversational
computing.
Line disciplines.
The system provides different line disciplines for
controlling communications lines. In this version of the
system there are three disciplines available:
old The old (standard) terminal driver. This is used
when using the standard shell sh(1sh) and for
compatibility with other standard version 7 UNIX
systems.
new A newer terminal driver, with features for job
control; this must be used when using csh(1csh).
Line discipline switching is accomplished with the TIOCSETD
ioctl:
int ldisc = LDISC; ioctl(fd, TIOCSETD, &ldisc);
where LDISC is OTTYDISC for the standard tty driver,
NTTYDISC for the new driver and NETLDISC for the networking
discipline. The standard (currently old) tty driver is
discipline 0 by convention. The current line discipline can
be obtained with the TIOCGETD ioctl. Pending input is
discarded when the line discipline is changed.
All of the low-speed asynchronous communications ports can
use any of the available line disciplines, no matter what
hardware is involved. The remainder of this section
discusses the "old" and "new" disciplines.
The control terminal.
When a terminal file is opened, it causes the process to
wait until a connection is established. In practice, user
programs seldom open these files; they are opened by init(8)
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
and become a user's standard input and output file.
If a process which has no control terminal opens a terminal
file, then that terminal file becomes the control terminal
for that process. The control terminal is thereafter
inherited by a child process during a fork(2), even if the
control terminal is closed.
The file /dev/tty is, in each process, a synonym for a
control terminal associated with that process. It is useful
for programs that wish to be sure of writing messages on the
terminal no matter how output has been redirected. It can
also be used for programs that demand a file name for
output, when typed output is desired and it is tiresome to
find out which terminal is currently in use.
The association between a process and its control terminal
can be broken by the TIOCNOTTY ioctl(2). TIOCNOTTY does not
close any existing file descriptors. Therefore, you can
place the ioctl and still read and write from the file. But
you no longer have a control terminal. Note that TIOCNOTTY
has no effect if the tty you apply it to is not the control
terminal.
A common use of TIOCNOTTY follows:
if((fd = open ("/dev/tty",O_WRONLY)) >= 0){
ioctl (fd, TIOCNOTTY, NULL);
close(fd);
}
TIOCNOTTY sets the process group to zero. The next time you
open a terminal file, that file becomes the control
terminal. This new association can be prevented by first
setting the process group (see below) to some non-zero
value. For example,
setpgrp(getpid());
Process groups.
Command processors such as csh(1csh) can arbitrate the
terminal between different jobs by placing related jobs in a
single process group and associating this process group with
the terminal. A terminals associated process group may be
set using the TIOCSPGRP ioctl(2):
ioctl(fildes, TIOCSPGRP, &pgrp)
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
or examined using TIOCGPGRP rather than TIOCSPGRP, returning
the current process group in pgrp. The new terminal driver
aids in this arbitration by restricting access to the
terminal by processes which are not in the current process
group; see Job access control below.
Modes.
The terminal drivers have three major modes, characterized
by the amount of processing on the input and output
characters:
cooked The normal mode. In this mode lines of input are
collected and input editing is done. The edited
line is made available when it is completed by a
newline or when an EOT (control-D, hereafter ^D)
is entered. A carriage return is usually made
synonymous with newline in this mode, and replaced
with a newline whenever it is typed. All driver
functions (input editing, interrupt generation,
output processing such as delay generation and tab
expansion, etc.) are available in this mode.
CBREAK This mode eliminates the character, word, and line
editing input facilities, making the input
character available to the user program as it is
typed. Flow control, literal-next and interrupt
processing are still done in this mode. Output
processing is done.
RAW This mode eliminates all input processing and
makes all input characters available as they are
typed; no output processing is done either.
The style of input processing can also be very different
when the terminal is put in non-blocking i/o mode; see
fcntl(2). In this case a read(2) from the control terminal
will never block, but rather return an error indication
(EWOULDBLOCK) if there is no input available.
A process may also request a SIGIO signal be sent it
whenever input is present. To enable this mode the FASYNC
flag should be set using fcntl(2).
Input editing.
A UTek terminal ordinarily operates in full-duplex mode.
Characters may be typed at any time, even while output is
occurring, and are only lost when the system's character
input buffers become completely choked, which is rare, or
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
when the user has accumulated the maximum allowed number of
input characters that have not yet been read by some
program. Currently this limit is 256 characters. When this
limit is reached, no more input is accepted and the terminal
bell is rung.
Input characters are normally accepted in either even or odd
parity with the parity bit being stripped off before the
character is given to the program. By clearing either the
EVEN or ODD bit in the flags word it is possible to have
input characters with that parity discarded (see the
sections Basic ioctl and Basic modes: sgtty below.)
In all of the line disciplines, it is possible to simulate
terminal input using the TIOCSTI ioctl, which takes, as its
third argument, the address of a character. The system
pretends that this character was typed on the argument
terminal, which must be the control terminal except for the
super-user (this call is not in standard version 7 UNIX).
Input characters are normally echoed by putting them in an
output queue as they arrive. This may be disabled by
clearing the ECHO bit in the flags word using the TIOCSETN
or TIOCSETP ioctls (see the Summary below).
In cooked mode, terminal input is processed in units of
lines. A program attempting to read will normally be
suspended until an entire line has been received (but see
the description of SIGTTIN in Job access control above and
FIONREAD in Basic ioctl below.) No matter how many
characters are requested in the read call, at most one line
will be returned. It is not, however, necessary to read a
whole line at once; any number of characters may be
requested in a read, even one, without losing information.
During input, line editing is normally done, with the
character `^H' logically erasing the last character typed
and the character `^U' logically erasing the entire current
input line. These characters never erase beyond the
beginning of the current input line or an ^D. These
characters may be entered literally by preceding them with
`^V'; see below.
The drivers normally treat either a carriage return or a
newline character as terminating an input line, replacing
the return with a newline and echoing a return and a line
feed. If the CRMOD bit is cleared in the local mode word
then the processing for carriage return is disabled, and it
is simply echoed as a return, and does not terminate cooked
mode input.
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
In both the old and the new driver there is a literal-next
character (default ^V) which can be typed in both cooked and
CBREAK mode preceding any character to prevent its special
meaning.
The new terminal driver also provides two other editing
characters in normal mode. The word-erase character,
normally ^W, erases the preceding word, but not any spaces
before it. For the purposes of ^W, a word is defined as a
sequence of non-blank characters, with tabs counted as
blanks. Finally, the reprint character, normally ^R,
retypes the pending input beginning on a new line.
Input echoing and redisplay
When a kill character is typed it is echoed followed by a
new-line.
The new terminal driver has several modes for handling the
echoing of terminal input, controlled by bits in a local
mode word.
Hardcopy terminals. When a hardcopy terminal is in use, the
LPRTERA bit is normally set in the local mode word.
Characters which are logically erased are then printed out
backwards preceded by `\' and followed by `/' in this mode.
Crt terminals. When a crt terminal is in use, the LCRTBS bit
is normally set in the local mode word. The terminal driver
then echoes the proper number of erase characters when input
is erased; in the normal case where the erase character is a
^H this causes the cursor of the terminal to back up to
where it was before the logically erased character was
typed.
Erasing characters from a crt. When a crt terminal is in
use, the LCRTERA bit may be set to cause input to be erased
from the screen with a "backspace-space-backspace" sequence
when character or word deleting sequences are used. A
LCRTKIL bit may be set as well, causing the input to be
erased in this manner on line kill sequences as well.
Echoing of control characters. If the LCTLECH bit is set in
the local state word, then non-printing (control) characters
are normally echoed as ^X (for some X) rather than being
echoed unmodified; delete is echoed as ^?.
The normal modes for using the new terminal driver on crt
terminals are speed dependent. At speeds less than 1200
baud, the LCRTERA and LCRTKILL processing is painfully slow,
so stty(1) normally just sets LCRTBS and LCTLECH; at speeds
of 1200 baud or greater all of these bits are normally set.
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
Stty(1) summarizes these option settings and the use of the
new terminal driver as "newcrt."
Output processing.
When one or more characters are written, they are actually
transmitted to the terminal as soon as previously-written
characters have finished typing. (As noted above, input
characters are normally echoed by putting them in the output
queue as they arrive.) When a process produces characters
more rapidly than they can be typed, it will be suspended
when its output queue exceeds some limit. When the queue
has drained down to some threshold the program is resumed.
Even parity is normally generated on output.
The terminal drivers provide necessary processing for cooked
and CBREAK mode output including delay generation for
certain special characters and parity generation. Delays
are available after backspaces ^H, form feeds ^L, carriage
returns ^M, tabs ^I and newlines ^J. The driver will also
optionally expand tabs into spaces, where the tab stops are
assumed to be set every eight columns. These functions are
controlled by bits in the tty flags word; see Summary below.
Finally, in the new terminal driver, there is a output flush
character, normally ^O, which sets the LFLUSHO bit in the
local mode word, causing subsequent output to be flushed
until it is cleared by a program or more input is typed.
This character has effect in both cooked and CBREAK modes
and causes pending input to be retyped if there is any
pending input. An ioctl to flush the characters in the
input and output queues, TIOCFLUSH, is also available.
Hazeltine terminals
To deal with Hazeltine terminals, which do not understand
that ~ has been made into an ASCII character, the LTILDE bit
may be set in the local mode word when using the new
terminal driver; in this case the character ~ will be
replaced with the character ` on output.
Flow control.
There are two characters (the stop character, normally ^S,
and the start character, normally ^Q) which cause output to
be suspended and resumed respectively. Extra stop
characters typed when output is already stopped have no
effect.
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
A bit in the flags word may be set to put the terminal into
TANDEM mode. In this mode the system produces a stop
character (default ^S) when the input queue is in danger of
overflowing, and a start character (default ^Q) when the
input has drained sufficiently. This mode is useful when
the terminal is actually another machine that obeys the
conventions.
Line control and breaks.
There are several ioctl calls available to control the state
of the terminal line. The TIOCSBRK ioctl will set the break
bit in the hardware interface causing a break condition to
exist; this can be cleared (usually after a delay with
sleep(3c) by TIOCCBRK. Break conditions in the input are
reflected as a null character in RAW mode or as the
interrupt character in cooked or CBREAK mode. The TIOCCDTR
ioctl will clear the data terminal ready condition; it can
be set again by TIOCSDTR.
When the carrier signal from the dataset drops (usually
because the user has hung up his terminal) a SIGHUP hangup
signal is sent to the processes in the distinguished process
group of the terminal; this usually causes them to terminate
(the SIGHUP can be suppressed by setting the LNOHANG bit in
the local state word of the driver.) Access to the terminal
by other processes is then normally revoked, so any further
reads will fail, and programs that read a terminal and test
for end-of-file on their input will terminate appropriately.
When using an ACU it is possible to ask that the phone line
be hung up on the last close with the TIOCHPCL ioctl; this
is normally done on the outgoing line.
Interrupt characters.
There are several characters that generate interrupts in
cooked and CBREAK mode; all are sent the processes in the
control group of the terminal, as if a TIOCGPGRP ioctl were
done to get the process group and then a killpg(2) system
call were done, except that these characters also flush
pending input and output when typed at a terminal (a la
TIOCFLUSH). The characters shown here are the defaults; the
field names in the structures (given below) are also shown.
The characters may be changed, although this is not often
done.
^C tintrc (Delete) generates a SIGINT signal. This is
the normal way to stop a process which is no longer
interesting, or to regain control in an interactive
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
program.
^\ tquitc (FS) generates a SIGQUIT signal. This is used
to cause a program to terminate and produce a core
image, if possible, in the file core in the current
directory.
^Z tsuspc (SUB) generates a SIGTSTP signal, which is used
to suspend the current process group.
^Y tdsuspc (EM) generates a SIGTSTP signal as ^Z does,
but the signal is sent when a program attempts to read
the ^Y, rather than when it is typed.
Job access control.
When using the new terminal driver, if a process which is
not in the distinguished process group of its control
terminal attempts to read from that terminal its process
group is sent a SIGTTIN signal. This signal normally causes
the members of that process group to stop. If, however, the
process is ignoring SIGTTIN, has SIGTTIN blocked, is an
orphan process, or is in the middle of process creation
using vfork(2)), it is instead returned an end-of-file. (An
orphan process is a process whose parent has exited and has
been inherited by the init(8) process.) Under older UNIX
systems these processes would typically have had their input
files reset to /dev/null, so this is a compatible change.
When using the new terminal driver with the LTOSTOP bit set
in the local modes, a process is prohibited from writing on
its control terminal if it is not in the distinguished
process group for that terminal. Processes which are
holding or ignoring SIGTTOU signals, which are orphans, or
which are in the middle of a vfork(2) are excepted and
allowed to produce output.
Summary of modes.
Unfortunately, due to the evolution of the terminal driver,
there are 4 different structures which contain various
portions of the driver data. The first of these (sgttyb)
contains that part of the information largely common between
version 6 and version 7 UNIX systems. The second contains
additional control characters added in version 7. The third
is a word of local state peculiar to the new terminal
driver, and the fourth is another structure of special
characters added for the new driver. In the future a single
structure may be made available to programs which need to
access all this information; most programs need not concern
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
themselves with all this state.
Basic modes: sgtty.
The basic ioctls use the structure defined in <sgtty.h>:
struct sgttyb {
char sgispeed;/* input speed */
char sgospeed;/* output speed */
char sgerase;/* erase character */
char sgkill;/* kill character */
short sgflags;/* mode flags */
};
The sg_ispeed and sg_ospeed fields describe the input and
output speeds of the device according to the following
table. NOTE: due to hardware limitations, sg_ispeed and
sg_ospeed must be the same.
Symbolic values in the table are as defined in <ttydev.h>.
B0 0 (hang up dataphone)
B50 1 50 baud
B75 2 75 baud
B110 3 110 baud
B134 4 134.5 baud
B150 5 150 baud
B200 6 200 baud
B300 7 300 baud
B600 8 600 baud
B1200 9 1200 baud
B1800 10 1800 baud
B2400 11 2400 baud
B4800 12 4800 baud
B9600 13 9600 baud
EXTA 14 19200 baud
EXTB 15 External B
In the current configuration, only 110, 150, 300 and 1200
baud are really supported on dial-up lines. Code conversion
and line control required for IBM 2741's (134.5 baud) must
be implemented by the user's program. The half-duplex line
discipline required for the 202 dataset (1200 baud) is not
supplied; full-duplex 212 datasets work fine.
The sg_erase and sg_kill fields of the argument structure
specify the erase and kill characters respectively.
(Defaults are ^H and ^U.)
The sg_flags field of the argument structure contains
several bits that determine the system's treatment of the
terminal:
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
ALLDELAY 0x0000FF00 Delay algorithm selection
BSDELAY 0x00008000 Select backspace delays (not implemented):
BS0 0x00000000
BS1 0x00008000
VTDELAY 0x00004000 Select form-feed and vertical-tab delays:
FF0 0x00000000
FF1 0x00004000
CRDELAY 0x00003000 Select carriage-return delays:
CR0 0x00000000
CR1 0x00001000
CR2 0x00002000
CR3 0x00003000
TBDELAY 0x00000C00 Select tab delays:
TAB0 0x00000000
TAB1 0x00000400
TAB2 0x00000800
XTABS 0x00000C00
NLDELAY 0x00000300 Select new-line delays:
NL0 0x00000000
NL1 0x00000100
NL2 0x00000200
NL3 0x00000300
EVENP 0x00000080 Even parity allowed on input (most terminals)
ODDP 0x00000040 Odd parity allowed on input
RAW 0x00000020 Raw mode: wake up on all characters, 8-bit interface
CRMOD 0x00000010 Map CR into LF; echo LF or CR as CR-LF
ECHO 0x00000008 Echo (full duplex)
LCASE 0x00000004 Map upper case to lower on input
CBREAK 0x00000002 Return each character as soon as typed
TANDEM 0x00000001 Automatic flow control
The delay bits specify how long transmission stops to allow
for mechanical or other movement when certain characters are
sent to the terminal. In all cases a value of 0 indicates
no delay.
Backspace delays are currently ignored but might be used for
Terminet 300's.
If a form-feed/vertical tab delay is specified, it lasts for
about 2 seconds.
Carriage-return delay type 1 lasts about 0.08 seconds and is
suitable for the Terminet 300. Delay type 2 lasts about
0.16 seconds and is suitable for the VT05 and the TI 700.
Delay type 3 is suitable for the concept-100 and pads lines
to be at least 9 characters at 9600 baud.
New-line delay type 1 (about 0.12 seconds) is dependent on
the current column and is tuned for Teletype model 37's.
Type 2 is useful for the VT05 and is about 0.10 seconds.
Type 3 is unimplemented and is 0.
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
Tab delay type 1 is about 0.1 seconds and and is tuned to
the Teletype model 37. Type 2 is not implemented. Type 3,
called XTABS, is not a delay at all but causes tabs to be
replaced by the appropriate number of spaces on output.
Input characters with the wrong parity, as determined by
bits 200 and 100, are ignored in cooked and CBREAK mode.
RAW disables all processing save output flushing with
LFLUSHO; full 8 bits of input are given as soon as it is
available; all 8 bits are passed on output. A break
condition in the input is reported as a null character. If
the input queue overflows in raw mode it is discarded; this
applies to both new and old drivers.
CRMOD causes input carriage returns to be turned into new-
lines; input of either CR or LF causes LF-CR both to be
echoed (for terminals with a new-line function).
CBREAK is a sort of half-cooked (rare?) mode. Programs can
read each character as soon as typed, instead of waiting for
a full line; all processing is done except the input
editing: character and word erase and line kill, input
reprint, and the special treatment of \ or EOT are disabled.
TANDEM mode causes the system to produce a stop character
(default is ^S) whenever the input queue is in danger of
overflowing, and a start character (default is ^Q) when the
input queue has drained sufficiently. It is useful for flow
control when the `terminal' is really another computer which
understands the conventions.
DODTR and DOCTS provide a hardware flow control mechanism.
DODTR works much like TANDEM in that when the buffer
approaches being full, the DTR line is deasserted; when the
buffer is emptied DTR is reasserted. DOCTS causes the USART
to transmit or not depending on the state of the CTS pin.
Basic ioctls
In addition to the TIOCSETD and TIOCGETD disciplines
discussed in Line disciplines above, a large number of other
ioctl(2) calls apply to terminals, and have the general
form:
#include <sgtty.h>
ioctl(fildes, code, arg)
struct sgttyb *arg;
The applicable codes are:
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
TIOCEXCL Set "exclusive-use" mode: no further opens
are permitted until the file has been closed.
TIOCGETP Fetch the basic parameters associated with
the terminal, and store in the pointed-to
sgttyb structure.
TIOCHPCL When the file is closed for the last time,
hang up the terminal. This is useful when
the line is associated with an ACU used to
place outgoing calls.
TIOCNXCL Turn off "exclusive-use" mode.
TIOCSETP Set the parameters according to the pointed-
to sgttyb structure. The interface delays
until output is quiescent, then throws away
any unread characters, before changing the
modes.
TIOCSETN Set the parameters like TIOCSETP but do not
delay or flush input. Input is not
preserved, however, when changing to or from
RAW.
TIOCSTART Simulates the use of <CTRL-Q>.
TIOCSTOP Simulates the use of <CTRL-S>.
TIOCNOTTY Breaks the association between a process and
its control terminal.
The remaining calls are not available in vanilla version 7
UNIX. In cases where arguments are required, they are
described; arg should otherwise be given as 0.
TIOCSTI the argument is the address of a character
which the system pretends was typed on the
terminal.
TIOCSBRK the break bit is set in the terminal.
TIOCCBRK the break bit is cleared.
TIOCSDTR data terminal ready is set.
TIOCCDTR data terminal ready is cleared.
TIOCGPGRP arg is the address of a word into which is
placed the process group number of the
control terminal.
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
TIOCSPGRP arg is a word (typically a process id) which
becomes the process group for the control
terminal.
FIONREAD returns in the long integer whose address is
arg the number of immediately readable
characters from the argument unit. This
works for files, pipes, terminals, and
sockets.
The following call uses a different structure than do the
previous calls:
#include <sys/file.h>
ioctl(filedes, code, arg)
int *arg;
TIOCFLUSH
Flush all characters waiting in input and/or output
queues, based on whether FREAD (input), FWRITE (output)
or both have been set in the word pointed to by arg.
If that word is 0, both input and output queues will be
flushed. This last feature is provided for
compatibility with 4.1c BSD.
Tchars
The second structure associated with each terminal specifies
characters that are special in both the old and new terminal
interfaces: The following structure is defined in
<sys/ioctl.h>, which is automatically included in <sgtty.h>:
struct tchars {
char t_intrc; /* interrupt */
char t_quitc; /* quit */
char t_startc; /* start output */
char t_stopc; /* stop output */
char t_eofc; /* end-of-file */
char t_brkc; /* input delimiter (like nl) */
};
The default values for these characters are ^?, ^\, ^Q, ^S,
^D, and -1. A character value of -1 eliminates the effect
of that character. The t_brkc character, by default -1,
acts like a new-line in that it terminates a `line,' is
echoed, and is passed to the program. The `stop' and
`start' characters may be the same, to produce a toggle
effect. It is probably counterproductive to make other
special characters (including erase and kill) identical.
The applicable ioctl calls are:
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
TIOCGETC Get the special characters and put them in the
specified structure.
TIOCSETC Set the special characters to those given in the
structure.
Local mode
The third structure associated with each terminal is a local
mode word; except for the LNOHANG bit, this word is
interpreted only when the new driver is in use. The bits of
the local mode word are:
LCRTBS 0x0001 Backspace on erase rather than echoing erase
LPRTERA 0x0002 Printing terminal erase mode
LCRTERA 0x0004 Erase character echoes as BS-space-BS
LTILDE 0x0008 Convert ~ to ` on output (Hazeltine terminals)
LMDMBUF 0x0010 Stop/start output when carrier drops
LLITOUT 0x0020 Suppress output translations
LTOSTOP 0x0040 Send SIGTTOU for background output
LFLUSHO 0x0080 Output is being flushed
LNOHANG 0x0100 Don't send hangup when carrier drops
LDODTR 0x0200 Automatic flow control using DTR
LCRTKIL 0x0400 BS-space-BS erase entire line on line kill
LDOCTS 0x0800 Transmission conditional on CTS
LCTLECH 0x1000 Echo input control chars as ^X, delete as ^?
LPENDIN 0x2000 Retype pending input at next read or input
LDECCTQ 0x4000 Only ^Q restarts output after ^S, like DEC
LNOFLSH 0x8000 Don't flush output on interrupt/suspend
The applicable ioctl functions are:
TIOCLBIS arg is the address of a mask which is the
bits to be set in the local mode word.
TIOCLBIC arg is the address of a mask of bits to be
cleared in the local mode word.
TIOCLSET arg is the address of a mask to be placed in
the local mode word.
TIOCLGET arg is the address of a word into which the
current mask is placed.
Local special chars
The final structure associated with each terminal is the
ltchars structure, defined in <sys/ttychars.h>, which
defines interrupt characters for the new terminal driver.
Its structure is:
struct ltchars {
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TTY(4) COMMAND REFERENCE TTY(4)
char t_suspc; /* stop process signal */
char t_dsuspc; /* delayed stop process signal */
char t_rprntc; /* reprint line */
char t_flushc; /* flush output (toggles) */
char t_werasc; /* word erase */
char t_lnextc; /* literal next character */
};
The default values for these characters are ^Z, ^Y, ^R, ^O,
^W, and ^V. A value of -1 disables the character.
The applicable ioctl functions are:
TIOCSLTC args is the address of a ltchars structure which
defines the new local special characters.
TIOCGLTC args is the address of a ltchars structure into
which is placed the current set of local special
characters.
FILES
/dev/tty
/dev/tty*
/dev/console
CAVEATS
Half-duplex terminals are not supported.
SEE ALSO
csh(1csh), stty(1), ioctl(2), sigvec(2), getty(8), init(8).
Printed 10/17/86 15
%%index%%
na:72,102;
sy:174,184;
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fi:38513,132;
ca:38645,97;
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