NEQN(1)                 COMMAND REFERENCE                 NEQN(1)



NAME
     neqn - format mathematical text for nroff

SYNOPSIS
     neqn [ -dxy ] [ -pn ] [ -sn ] [ -fn ] [ files ]

DESCRIPTION
     Neqn is an nroff(1) preprocessor for typesetting
     mathematical text on typewriter-like terminals.  Usage is
     almost always:

          neqn files | nroff

     or equivalent.

     If no files are specified (or if - is specified as the last
     argument), these programs read the standard input.  A line
     beginning with .EQ marks the start of an equation; the end
     of an equation is marked by a line beginning with .EN.
     Neither of these lines is altered, so they may be defined in
     macro packages to get centering, numbering, etc. It is also
     possible to designate two characters as delimiters;
     delimiters may be set to characters x and y with the
     command-line argument -dxy or (more commonly) with delim xy
     between .EQ and .EN.  The left and right delimiters may be
     the same character; the dollar sign is often used as such a
     delimiter.  Delimiters are turned off by delim off.  All
     text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ and
     .EN is passed through untouched.

     The program checkeq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters
     and .EQ/.EN pairs.

     Tokens within eqn are separated by spaces, tabs, new-lines,
     braces, double quotes, tildes, and circumflexes.  Braces {}
     are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
     character such as x could appear, a complicated construction
     enclosed in braces may be used instead.  Tilde (~)
     represents a full space in the output, circumflex (^) half
     as much.

     Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
     sub a
wh
nd
ilsup.
x2+T
y2
hui
ssxma
sd
ub
e j
wim
ta
hkessu
xj
p,{a
x sub
p 2
k +
sa
u;
p
y 2
sq
up
rt2
od
m
}.
a
uc
kes
     F
a
sk
q
ra
ua
cr
t1
e
ion
ro
soa
t.
r
s:
e 1
mad
oe
ver
wis
th
qrover:
x a
suo
pv2
e+
rbb
x+c
yi
}el
rd
esub
lts in
       ________
     \|ax2+bx+c
     The ke
nywords from and to introduce lower and upper limits:
      lim  xi is made with
     l
n-
i>
mof
o0
rom {n -> inf } sum from 0 to n x sub i Left and right



Printed 4/6/89                                                  1

NEQN(1)                 COMMAND REFERENCE                 NEQN(1)



     brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
     left an
|d right:
     l
|efty2
[|x=s1
u.
p 2L+
ega
ylsc
uh
pa2
rac
ot
versaa
lf
ph
ta
erri
le
gf
ht ]
and
~=ri1
ghtra
od
re
uces
     b
|r
x2
a+
ces,
| brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and
     "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only
     bracket).  A left thing need not have a matching right
     thing.

     Vertical piles of things are made with pile, lpile, cpile,
     and rpile: pile {a above b above c} produces b.  Piles may
     have arbitrary numbers of elements; lpile lefc
t-justifies,
     pile and cpile center (but with different vertical spacing),
     and rpile right justifies.  Matrices are made with matrix:
     matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }

     produces xi
              y2
                  1
                  2
                   .  In addition, there is rcol for a right-
     justified column.

     Diacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat,_tilde,
     bar, vec, dyad, and under: x..
dot = f(t) bar is x=f(t),
     y dotdot bar ~=~ n under is y  = n, and x vec ~=~ y dyad is
     x = y.

     Point sizes and fonts can be changed with size n or size +n,
     roman, italic, bold, and font n.  Point sizes and fonts can
     be changed globally in a document by gsize n and gfont n, or
     by the command-line arguments -sn and -fn.

     Normally, subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3
     points from the previous size; this may be changed by the
     command-line argument -pn.

     Successive display arguments can be lined up.  Place mark
     before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
     lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in
     subsequent equations.

     Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
     with define:

          define thing % replacement %

     defines a new token called thing that will be replaced by
     replacement whenever it appears thereafter.  The % may be
     any character that does not occur in replacement.

     Keywords such as sum ( ), int ( ), inf (oo), and shorthands
     such as >= (>), != (≠), and -> (->) are recognized.  Greek
     letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in alpha
     ( ), or GAMMA ( ). Mathematical words such as sin, cos, and
     log are made Roman automatically.  Nroff(1) four-character



Printed 4/6/89                                                  2

NEQN(1)                 COMMAND REFERENCE                 NEQN(1)



     escapes such as \(dd (‡) may be used anywhere.  Strings
     enclosed in double quotes ("...") are passed through
     untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and
     can be used to communicate with nroff(1) when all else
     fails.

OPTIONS
     -dxy
        Sets the equation delimiters to x and y.

     -fn
        Changes globally, the font of the text.

     -pn
        Determines the number of points that subscripts and
        superscripts are reduced. The default is 3 points.

     -sn
        Changes globally, the point size of text. n can be
        positive or negative.

CAVEATS
     To embolden digits, parentheses, etc., it is necessary to
     quote them, as in bold "12.3".
     See also CAVEATS under nroff(1).

SEE ALSO
     checkeq(1), mv(1), nroff(1), tbl(1), eqnchar(7), and mm(7).



























Printed 4/6/89                                                  3

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