NAME

gprof − display call-graph profile data

SYNOPSIS

gprof [ −abcCDsz ] [ −e function-name ] [ −E function-name ] [ −f function-name ]

[ −F function-name ] [ image-file [ profile-file ... ] ] [ −n number of functions ]

DESCRIPTION

gprof produces an execution profile of a program.  The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller.  The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file which is created by programs compiled with the −xpg option of cc(1B), or −pg for other compilers.  These options also link in versions of the library routines which are compiled for profiling.  The symbol table in the executable image file image-file (a.out by default) is read and correlated with the call graph profile file profile-file (gmon.out by default).  If more than one profile file is specified, the gprof output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files. 

First, execution times for each routines are propagated along the edges of the call graph.  Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time of the cycle.  The first listing shows the functions sorted according to the time they represent, including the time of their call graph descendants.  Below each function entry is shown its (direct) call-graph children, and how their times are propagated to this function.  A similar display above the function shows how this function’s time and the time of its descendants is propagated to its (direct) call-graph parents. 

Cycles are also shown, with an entry for the cycle as a whole and a listing of the members of the cycle and their contributions to the time and call counts of the cycle. 

Next, a flat profile is given, similar to that provided by prof(1).  This listing gives the total execution times and call counts for each of the functions in the program, sorted by decreasing time.  Finally, an index showing the correspondence between function names and call-graph profile index numbers. 

A single function may be split into subfunctions for profiling by means of the MARK macro (see prof(5)). 

Beware of quantization errors.  The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains statistical at best.  It is assumed that the time for each execution of a function can be expressed by the total time for the function divided by the number of times the function is called.  Thus the time propagated along the call-graph arcs to parents of that function is directly proportional to the number of times that arc is traversed. 

The profiled program must call exit(2) or return normally for the profiling information to be saved in the gmon.out file. 

OPTIONS

−a Suppress printing statically declared functions.  If this option is given, all relevant information about the static function (for instance, time samples, calls to other functions, calls from other functions) belongs to the function loaded just before the static function in the a.out file. 

−b Brief.  Suppress descriptions of each field in the profile. 

−C Demangle C++ function and variable names before printing them out. 

−c Discover the static call-graph of the program by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object file.  Static-only parents or children are indicated with call counts of 0. 

−D Produce a profile file gmon.sum that represents the difference of the profile information in all specified profile files.  This summary profile file may be given to subsequent executions of gprof (also with −D) to summarize profile data across several runs of an a.out file.  (See also the −s option.) 

As an example, suppose function A calls function B n times in profile file gmon.sum, and m times in profile file gmon.out.  With −D, a new gmon.sum file will be created showing the number of calls from A to B as n-m. 

−E function-name
Suppress printing the graph profile entry for routine function-name (and its descendants) as −e, below, and also exclude the time spent in function-name (and its descendants) from the total and percentage time computations.  More than one −E option may be given.  For example:

‘−E mcount −E mcleanup’

is the default. 

−e function-name
Suppress printing the graph profile entry for routine function-name and all its descendants (unless they have other ancestors that are not suppressed).  More than one −e option may be given.  Only one function-name may be given with each −e option. 

−F function-name
Print the graph profile entry only for routine function-name and its descendants (as −f, below) and also use only the times of the printed routines in total time and percentage computations.  More than one −F option may be given.  Only one function-name may be given with each −F option.  The −F option overrides the −E option. 

−f function-name
Print the graph profile entry only for routine function-name and its descendants.  More than one −f option may be given.  Only one function-name may be given with each −f option. 

−n Limits the size of flat and graph profile listings to the top n offending functions

−s Produce a profile file gmon.sum which represents the sum of the profile information in all the specified profile files.  This summary profile file may be given to subsequent executions of gprof (also with −s) to accumulate profile data across several runs of an a.out file.  (See also the −D option.) 

−z Display routines which have zero usage (as indicated by call counts and accumulated time).  This is useful in conjunction with the −c option for discovering which routines were never called. 

ENVIRONMENT

PROFDIR
If this environment variable contains a value, place profiling output within that directory, in a file named pid.programname.  pid is the process ID, and programname is the name of the program being profiled, as determined by removing any path prefix from the argv[0] with which the program was called.  If the variable contains a NULL value, no profiling output is produced.  Otherwise, profiling output is placed in the file gmon.out. 

FILES

a.out executable file containing namelist

gmon.out dynamic call-graph and profile

gmon.sum summarized dynamic call-graph and profile

$PROFDIR/pid.programname

SEE ALSO

cc(1B), prof(1), exit(2), profil(2), monitor(3C), prof(5)

Graham, S.L., Kessler, P.B., McKusick, M.K., ‘gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler’, Proceedings of the SIGPLAN ’82 Symposium on Compiler Construction, SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 120-126, June 1982. 

BUGS

Parents which are not themselves profiled will have the time of their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear to be spontaneously invoked in the call-graph listing, and will not have their time propagated further.  Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons).  Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost. 

Sun Microsystems  —  Last change: 23 Jun 1993