as(1) USER COMMANDS as(1)
NAME
as - MIPS assembler
SYNOPSIS
as [ option ] ... file
DESCRIPTION
As, the MIPS assembler, produces files in the following for-
mats: MIPS object code in MIPS extended coff format (the
normal result) and binary assembly language. As never runs
the loader. As accepts one type of argument:
The argument file is assumed to be symbolic assembly
language source program. It is assembled, producing an
object file.
Mas always defines the C preprocessor macros mips,
hostmips, unix and LANGUAGEASSEMBLY to the C macro prepro-
cessor. It also defines SYSTYPESYSV by default but this
changes if the -systype name option is specified (see the
description below).
The following options are interpreted by as and have the
same meaning in cc(1).
-g0 Have the assembler produce no symbol table information
for symbolic debugging. This is the default.
-g1 Have the assembler produce additional symbol table
information for accurate but limited symbolic debugging
of partially optimized code.
-g or -g2
Have the assembler produce additional symbol table
information for full symbolic debugging and not do
optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.
-g3 Have the assembler produce additional symbol table
information for full symbolic debugging for fully
optimized code. This option makes the debugger inaccu-
rate.
-w Suppress warning messages.
-P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result in
a file with the suffix of the source file changed to
`.i' or if the file has no suffix then a `.i' is added
to the source file name. The `.i' file has no `#'
lines in it. This sets the -cpp option.
-E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the file and send
the result to the standard output. This sets the -cpp
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as(1) USER COMMANDS as(1)
option.
-o output
Name the final output file output. If this option is
used, the file `a.out' is undisturbed.
-Dname=def
-Dname
Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by
`#define'. If no definition is given, the name is
defined as "1".
-Uname
Remove any initial definition of name.
-Idir
`#include' files whose names do not begin with `/' are
always sought first in the directory of the file argu-
ment, then in directories specified in -I options, and
finally in the standard directory (/usr/include).
-I This option will cause `#include' files never to be
searched for in the standard directory (/usr/include).
-G num
Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that
is to be accessed from the global pointer. Num is
assumed to be a decimal number. If num is zero, no
data is accessed from the global pointer. The default
value for num is 8 bytes.
-v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments
and their input and output files.
-V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all
passes. This is done with the what(1) command.
-cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source files
before compiling. This is the default for as(1).
-nocpp
Do not run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source
files before compiling.
Either object file target byte ordering can be produced by
as. The default target byte ordering matches the machine
where the assembler is running. The options -EB and -EL
specify the target byte ordering (big-endian and little-
endian, respectively). The assembler also defines a C
preprocessor macro for the target byte ordering. These C
preprocessor macros are MIPSEB and MIPSEL for big-endian and
little-endian byte ordering respectively.
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as(1) USER COMMANDS as(1)
-EB Produce object files targeted for big-endian byte ord-
ering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEB is defined by
the assembler.
-EL Produce object files targeted for little-endian byte
ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEL is defined
by the assembler.
The following option is specific for as:
-m Apply the M4 preprocessor to the source file before
assembling it.
The option described below is primarily used to provide UNIX
compilation environments other than the native compilation
environment.
-systype name
Use the named compilation environment name. The names
of the compilation environments supported are bsd43 and
sysv. This has the effect of changing the standard
directory for `#include' files. The new items are
located in their usual paths but with /name prepended
to their paths. Also a preprocessor macro of the form
SYSTYPENAME (with name capitalized) is defined in
place of the default SYSTYPESYSV.
The options described below primarily aid compiler develop-
ment and are not generally used:
-Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the charac-
ter c, producing an intermediate file for the next
pass. The c can be [ a ]. It selects the assembler
pass in the same way as the -t option. If this option
is used, the symbol table file produced and used by the
passes, is the last component of the source file with
the suffix changed to `.T', or a `.T' is added if the
source file has no suffix. This file is not removed.
-K Build and use intermediate file names with the last
component of the source file's name replacing its suf-
fix with the conventional suffix for the type of file
(for example `.G' file for binary assembly language).
If the source file has no suffix the conventional suf-
fix is added to the source file name. These intermedi-
ate files are never removed even when a pass encounters
a fatal error.
-Wc[c...],arg1[,arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the compiler pass[es]
c[c..]. The c's are one of [ pab ]. The c's selects the
compiler pass in the same way as the -t option.
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as(1) USER COMMANDS as(1)
The options -t[hpab], -hpath, and -Bstring select a name to
use for a particular pass. These arguments are processed
from left to right so their order is significant. When the
-B option is encountered, the selection of names takes place
using the last -h and -t options. Therefore, the -B option
is always required when using -h or -t. Sets of these
options can be used to select any combination of names.
-t[hpab]
Select the names. The names selected are those desig-
nated by the characters following the -t option accord-
ing to the following table:
Name Character
include h (see note below)
cpp p
as0 a
as1 b
If the character `h' is in the -t argument then a
directory is added to the list of directories to be
used in searching for `#include' files. This directory
name has the form COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring .
This directory is to contain the include files for the
string release of the compiler. The standard directory
is still searched.
-hpath
Use path rather than the directory where the name is
normally found.
-Bstring
Append string to all names specified by the -t option.
If no -t option has been processed before the -B, the
-t option is assumed to be ``hpab''. This list desig-
nates all names.
Invoking the assembler with a name of the form asstring has
the same effect as using a -Bstring option on the command
line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value
is used as the root directory for all pass names rather than
the default /. If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT
is set, the value is used as the root directory for the
includes rather than the default /.
If the environment variable ROOTDIR is set, the value is
used as the root directory for all names rather than the
default /usr/. This also affects the standard directory for
`#include' files, /usr/include .
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used
as the directory to place any temporary files rather than
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as(1) USER COMMANDS as(1)
the default /tmp/ .
Other arguments are ignored.
FILES
file.o object file
a.out assembler output
/tmp/ctm? temporary
/usr/lib/cpp C macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/as0 symbolic to binary assembly language transla-
tor
/usr/lib/as1 binary assembly language assembler and reor-
ganizer
/usr/include standard directory for `#include' files
SEE ALSO
Assembly Language Programmer's Guide
cc(1), as0(1), what(1)
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by the assembler are intended to be
self-explanatory.
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