NAME

cc − RISC NEWS C compiler

SYNOPSIS

cc [ option ] ...  file ... 

DESCRIPTION

cc, the RISC NEWS ucode C compiler, produces files in the following formats: MIPS object code in MIPS extended coff format (the normal result), binary or symbolic ucode, ucode object files and binary or symbolic assembly language.  cc accepts several types of arguments:

Arguments whose names end with .c are assumed to be C source programs.  They are compiled, and each object program is left in the file whose name consists of the last component of the source with .o substituted for .c.  The .o file is only deleted when a single source program is compiled and loaded all at once. 

Arguments whose names end with .s are assumed to be symbolic assembly language source programs.  They are assembled, producing a .o file. 

Arguments whose names end with .i are assumed to be C source after being processed by the C preprocessor.  They are compiled without being processed by the C preprocessor. 

If the highest level of optimization is specified (with the −O3 flag) or only ucode object files are to be produced (with the −j flag) each C source file is compiled into a ucode object file. The ucode object file is left in a file whose name consists of the last component of the source with .u substituted for .c. 

The suffixes described below primarily aid compiler development and are not generally used.  Arguments whose names end with .B, .O, .S, and .M are assumed to be binary ucode, produced by the front end, optimizer, ucode object file splitter and ucode merger respectively. Arguments whose names end with .U are assumed to be symbolic ucode. Arguments whose names end with .G are assumed to be binary assembly language, which is produced by the code generator and the symbolic to binary assembler. 

Files that are assumed to be binary ucode, symbolic ucode, or binary assembly language by the suffix conventions are also assumed to have their corresponding symbol table in a file with a .T suffix. 

cc always defines the C preprocessor macros sony, sony_news, mips, host_mips, unix, __sony, __sony_news, __mips and __unix, and defines the values of the envirnment variables machine and cputype and those prepended two underscores to them to the C macro preprocessor, and defines the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_C, _LANGUAGE_C when a .c file is being compiled.  If the environment variables named machine and cputype are not defined, the system default values will be defined.  cc will define the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY, _LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY when a .s file is being compiled.  It also defines SYSTYPE_BSD, _SYSTYPE_BSD by default but this changes if the −systype name option is specified (see the description below). 

The following options are interpreted by cc.  See ld(1) for load-time options. 

−c Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and force an object file to be produced even if only one program is compiled. 

−g0 Have the compiler produce no symbol table information for symbolic debugging.  This is the default. 

−g1 Have the compiler produce additional symbol table information for accurate but limited symbolic debugging of partially optimized code. 

−g or −g2
Have the compiler produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging and not do optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.

−g3 Have the compiler produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging for fully optimized code.  This option makes the debugger inaccurate. 

−w Suppress warning messages. 

−p0 Do not permit any profiling.  This is the default.  If loading happens, the standard runtime startup routine (crt1.o) is used, no profiling library is searched. 

−p1 or −p
Set up for profiling by periodically sampling the value of the program counter.  This option only affects the loading. When loading happens, this option replaces the standard runtime startup routine with the profiling runtime startup routine (mcrt1.o) and searches the level 1 profiling library (libprof1.a).  When profiling happens, the startup routine calls monstartup see monitor(3) and produces a file mon.out that contains execution-profiling data for use with the postprocessor prof(l). 

−O0 Turn off all optimizations. 

−O1 Turn on all optimizations that can be done quickly.  This is the default. 

−O or −O2
Invoke the global ucode optimizer. 

−O3 Do all optimizations, including global register allocation.  This option must precede all source file arguments.  With this option, a ucode object file is created for each C source file and left in a .u file.  The newly created ucode object files, the ucode object files specified on the command line and the runtime startup routine and all the runtime libraries are ucode linked.  Optimization is done on the resulting ucode linked file and then it is linked as normal producing an “a.out” file.  No resulting .o file is left from the ucode linked result as in previous releases.  In fact −c can no longer be specified with −O3. 

−feedback file
Used with the −cord option to specify file to be used as a feedback file.  This file is produced by prof(1) with its −feedback option from an execution of the program produced by pixie(1). 

−cord
Run the procedure-rearranger, cord(1), on the resulting file after linking.  The rearrangement is done to reduce the cache conflicts of the program’s text.  The output of cord(1) is left in the file specified by the −o output option or a.out by default.  At least one −feedback file must be specified. 

−j Compile the specified source programs, and leave the ucode object file output in corresponding files suffixed with .u. 

−ko output
Name the output file created by the ucode loader as output. This file is not removed. If this file is compiled, the object file is left in a file whose name consists of output with the suffix changed to a .o.  If output has no suffix, a .o suffix is appended to output.

−k Pass options that start with a −k to the ucode loader.  This option is used to specify ucode libraries (with −klx) and other ucode loader options. 

−S Compile the specified source programs and leave the symbolic assembly language output in corresponding files suffixed with .s. 

−P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result for each source file (by suffix convention, i.e.  .c and .s) in a corresponding .i file.  The .i file has no # lines in it.  This sets the −cpp option. 

−E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the files (regardless of any suffix or not), and send the result to the standard output.  This sets the −cpp option. 

−C

−M

−Q These three options are passed directly to cpp(1).  Please see cpp(1) for details. 

−Dname=def

−Dname
Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by #define.  If no definition is given, the name is defined as 1. 

−Uname
Remove any initial definition of name.

−Idir #include files whose names do not begin with / are always sought first in the directory of the file argument, then in directories specified in −I options, and finally in the standard directory (/usr/include, /usr/sony/include). 

−I This option will cause #include files never to be searched for in the standard directory (/usr/include, /usr/sony/include). 

−o output
Name the final output file output. If this option is used, the file a.out is undisturbed. 

−G num
Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that is to be accessed from the global pointer. num is assumed to be a decimal number.  If num is zero, no data is accessed from the global pointer.  The default value for num is 8 bytes. 

−v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments and their input and output files.  Also print resource usage in the C-shell time(1) format. 

−V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all passes.  This is done with the what(1) command. 

−std[0,1]
Have the compiler produce warnings for language constructs that are not standard in the language. −std0 enforces the K & R standard, −std1 enforces the ANSI C standard (incomplete) and −std enforces the ANSI C standard (incomplete) with popular extensions.  The −std or −std1 option causes the macro __STDC__=1 to be passed to the preprocessor.  The default is −std0, until ANSI C is supported.  Currently the only difference -std1 (or -std) provides is the type of a integral constant can be signed or unsigned based on the ANSI rules.  In K&R mode (default), the integral constant’s type is always int.

−Xt or −traditional
Is the same as the −std0 option. 

−Xc or −pedantic
Is the same as the −std1 option. 

−Xa Is the same as the −std option. 

−cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on C and assembly source files before compiling.  This is the default for cc. 

−nocpp
Do not run the C macro preprocessor on C and assembly source files before compiling.

−Olimit num
Specify the maximum size, in basic blocks, of a routine that will be optimized by the global optimizer. If a routine has more than this number of basic blocks it will not be optimized and a message will be printed. An option specifying that the global optimizer is to be run (−O, −O2, or −O3) must also be specified.  num is assumed to be a decimal number.  The default value for num is 1000 basic blocks. 

−edit[0-9]
Invoke the editor of choice (as defined by the environment variable EDITOR), or vi(1) (if EDITOR is not defined) when syntax or semantic errors are detecte d by the compiler’s frontend.  When compiling on a character based terminal, the compile job has to be in the foreground for this option to take effect.  For compile jobs done on a RISCwindow based terminal/workstation, this option would always take effect whether it is in the foreground or background.  The editor is invoked with two files: the error message file and the source file.  First use the error message file to locate the line numbers of all the errors, then switch to the source file to make corrections.  Once you exit out of the editor, the compile job is restarted.  This process can be repeated up to 9 times, depending on the single digit number specified in the option.  If no number is specified in the option, this compile-edit-compile process repeats indefinitely until all errors are corrected.  −edit0 turns off this edit feature. 

−trapuv
Force all un-initialized stack, automatic and dynamically allocated variables to be initialized with 0xFFFA5A5A.  When this value is used as a floating point variable, it is treated as a floating point NaN and it will cause a floating point trap.  When it is used as a pointer, an address or segmentation violation will most likely to occur.

−framepointer
Assert the requirement of frame pointer for all procedures defined in the source file.

Either object file target byte ordering can be produced by cc.  The default target byte ordering matches the machine where the compiler is running.  ( On RISC NEWS, big-endian is used for the default target byte ordering. ) The options −EB and −EL specify the target byte ordering (big-endian and little-endian, respectively).  The compiler also defines a C preprocessor macro for the target byte ordering.  These C preprocessor macros are MIPSEB, _MIPSEB, and MIPSEL, _MIPSEL, for big-endian and little-endian byte ordering respectively. 

−EB Produce object files targeted for big-endian byte ordering.  The C preprocessor macro MIPSEB, _MIPSEB is defined by the compiler. 

−EL Produce object files targeted for little-endian byte ordering.  The C preprocessor macro MIPSEL, _MIPSEL is defined by the compiler. 

The following options are specific to cc:

−unsigned
Cause all char declarations to be unsigned char declarations, the default is to treat them as signed char declarations. 

−signed
Cause all char declarations to be signed char declarations, the default is to treat them as signed char declarations. 

−volatile
Cause all variables to be treated as volatile. 

−varargs
Print warnings for lines that may require the varargs.h macros. 

−float
Cause the compiler to never promote expressions of type float to type double. 

The option described below is primarily used to provide UNIX compilation environments other than the native compilation environment. 

−systype name
Use the named compilation environment name.  The names of the compilation environments supported are bsd43 and sysv.  This has the effect of changing the standard directory for #include files, the runtime libraries and where runtime libraries are searched for.  The new items are located in their usual paths but with /name prepended to their paths.  Also a preprocessor macro of the form SYSTYPE_NAME and _SYSTYPE_NAME (with name capitalized) is defined in place of the default SYSTYPE_BSD and _SYSTYPE_BSD. 

−mips1
Generate code using the instruction set of the R2000/R3000 RISC architecture This is the default for all MIPS systems.

−mips2
Generate code using the instruction set of the R6000 RISC architecture.

The options described below primarily aid compiler development and are not generally used:

−Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the character c, producing an intermediate file for the next pass.  The c can be [fjusmoca].  It selects the compiler pass in the same way as the −t option.  If this option is used, the symbol table file produced and used by the passes, is the last component of the source file with the suffix changed to .T and is not removed. 

−K Build and use intermediate file names with the last component of the source file’s  name replacing its suffix with the conventional suffix for the type of file (for example .B file for binary ucode, produced by the front end). These intermediate files are never removed even when a pass encounters a fatal error. When ucode linking is performed and the −K option is specified the base name of the files created after the ucode link is u.out by default.  If −ko output is specified, the base name of the object file is output without the suffix if it exists or suffixes are appended to output if it has no suffix. 

−# Converts binary ucode files (.B) or optimized binary ucode files (.O) to symbolic ucode (a .U file) using btou(1).  If a symbolic ucode file is to be produced by converting the binary ucode from the C compiler front end then the front end option −Xu is used instead of btou(1). 

−Wc[c...],fIarg1[,arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the compiler pass/passes: c[c..]. The c’s are one of [pfjusmocablyz].  The c’s selects the compiler pass in the same way as the −t option. 

The options −t[hpfjusmocablyzrnt], −hpath, and −Bstring select a name to use for a particular pass, startup routine, or standard library.  These arguments are processed from left to right so their order is significant.  When the −B option is encountered, the selection of names takes place using the last −h and −t options.  Therefore, the −B option is always required when using −h or −t.  Sets of these options can be used to select any combination of names. 

The −EB or −EL options, the −p[01] options and the −systype option must precede all −B options because they can affect the location of runtimes and what runtimes are used. 

−t[hpfjusmocablyzrnt]
Select the names.  The names selected are those designated by the characters following the −t option according to the following table:

Name      Character
includeh(see note below)
cppp
ccomf
ujoinj
uldu
usplits
umergem
uopto
ugenc
as0a
as1b
ldl
ftocy
cordz
[m]crt[1n].or
libprof1.an
btou, utobt

If the character h is in the −t argument then a directory is added to the list of directories to be used in searching for #include files.  This directory name has the form COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring.  This directory is to contain the include files for the string release of the compiler.  The standard directory is still searched. 

−hpath
Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally found. 

−Bstring
Append string to all names specified by the −t option.  If no −t option has been processed before the −B, the −t option is assumed to be hpfjusmocablyzrnt.  This list designates all names.  If no −t argument has been processed before the −B then a −Bstring is passed to the loader to use with its −lx arguments. 

Invoking the compiler with a name of the form ccstring has the same effect as using a −Bstring option on the command line. 

If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for all pass names rather than the default /.  If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for all include and library names rather than the default /.  This affects the standard directory for #include files, /usr/include, and the standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a.  If this is set, the first directory that is searched for libraries, using the −lx option, is COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc.  The standard directories for libraries are then searched, see ld(1). 

If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the directory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp/. 

Other arguments are assumed to be either loader options or C-compatible object files, typically produced by an earlier cc run, or perhaps libraries of C-compatible routines.  These files, together with the results of any compilations specified, are loaded in the order given, producing an executable program with the default name a.out. 

FILES

file.cinput file
file.oobject file
a.outloaded output
/tmp/ctm?temporary
/usr/lib/cppC macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/ccomC front end
/usr/lib/ujoinbinary ucode and symbol table joiner
/usr/bin/ulducode loader
/usr/lib/usplitbinary ucode and symbol table splitter
/usr/lib/umergeprocedure intergrator
/usr/lib/uoptoptional global ucode optimizer
/usr/lib/ugencode generator
/usr/lib/as0symbolic to binary assembly language translator
/usr/lib/as1binary assembly language assembler and reorganizer
/usr/lib/crt1.oruntime startup
/usr/lib/crtn.oruntime startup
/usr/lib/mcrt1.ostartup for profiling
/usr/lib/libc.astandard library, see intro(3)
/usr/lib/libprof1.a level 1 profiling library
/usr/includestandard directory for #include files
/usr/bin/ldRISC NEWS loader
/usr/lib/ftocinterface between prof(1) and cord(1)
/usr/lib/cordprocedure-rearranger
/usr/bin/btoubinary to symbolic ucode translator
/usr/bin/utobsymbolic to binary ucode translator
.outfile produced for analysis by prof(1)

SEE ALSO

B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, Prentice-Hall, 1978
B. W. Kernighan, Programming in C—a tutorial
D. M. Ritchie, C Reference Manual
RISC NEWS Languages Programmer’s Guide
as(1), cord(1), dbx(1), ftoc(1), ld(1), pixie(1), prof(1), what(1).  monitor(3)

DIAGNOSTICS

The diagnostics produced by cc are intended to be self-explanatory.  Occasional messages may be produced by the assembler or loader. 

NOTES

The standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a, is loaded by using the −lc loader option and not a full path name.  The wrong one could be loaded if there are files with the name libc.astring in the directories specified with the −L loader option or in the default directories searched by the loader. 

The handling of include directories and libc.a is confusing. 

NEWS-OSRelease 4.2.1R