NAME

intro − introduction to subroutines and libraries

SYNOPSIS

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <device.h>

#include <get.h>

#include <gl.h>

DESCRIPTION

This section describes functions found in various libraries, other than those functions that directly invoke UNIX system primitives, which are described in Section 2 of this volume.  Certain major collections are identified by a letter after the section number:

(3C) These functions, together with those of Section 2 and those marked (3S), constitute the Standard C Library libc, which is automatically loaded by the C compiler, cc(1). The link editor ld(1) searches this library under the −lc option.  Declarations for some of these functions may be obtained from #include files indicated on the appropriate pages. 

(3G) These functions constitute the IRIS Graphics Library which are documented in the IRIS User’s Guide. If the −Zg flag is specified, the C compiler searches this library.  Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the #include file <gl.h>, <device.h>, and <get.h> define other constants used by the Graphics Library. 

(3M) These functions constitute the Math Library, libm. They are not automatically loaded by the C compiler, cc; however, the link editor searches this library under the −lm option.  Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the #include file <math.h>.

(3S) These functions constitute the “standard I/O package” (see stdio(3S)). These functions are in the library libc, already mentioned. Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the #include file <stdio.h>.

(3B) Berkeley compatibility routines.  This library provides compatible implementations of a limited subset of the functions provided by the Standard C Library in the Berkeley 4.3 Distribution of UNIX.  Include files needed for routines in this library are in the tree /usr/include/bsd. It is recommended that the -I/usr/include/bsd compiler control be supplied when compiling programs that call (3B) routines.  This library will be searched by the loader when the −lbsd flag is supplied. 

(3N) These functions constitute the internet network library.  Compiling instructions are the same as for (3B) routines. 

(3R) RPC services built on top of SUN’s Remote Procedure Call protocol.  To compile and link a program that calls any of these routines, use a compile command of the form:
cc -I/usr/include/sun -I/usr/include/bsd prog.c -lrpcsvc -lsun -lbsd
Note that this library is provided as part of the NFS option package, so it may not be present on all systems.

(3Y) Yellow Pages routines and RPC support routines.  This library contains routines that provide a programmatic interface to SUN’s Yellow Pages distributed lookup service.  The library also contains Yellow Pages versions of standard routines like getpwent(3) that are different in a YP environment. The routines that implement the RPC protocol also reside in this library. To compile and link a program that calls (3Y) routines, use a compile command of the form:
cc -I/usr/include/sun -I/usr/include/bsd prog.c -lsun -lbsd
This is required because routines in the (3Y) library call routines in the (3B) library. Note that the order of the libraries must be as given in order for the references to be resolved. This library is provided as part of the NFS option package, so it may not be present on all systems.

(3X) Various specialized libraries.  The files in which these libraries are found are given on the appropriate pages. 

DEFINITIONS

A character is any bit pattern able to fit into a byte on the machine.  The null character is a character with value 0, represented in the C language as ’\0’.  A character array is a sequence of characters.  A null-terminated character array is a sequence of characters, the last of which is the null character. A string is a designation for a null-terminated character array. The null string is a character array containing only the null character.  A NULL pointer is the value that is obtained by casting 0 into a pointer.  The C language guarantees that this value will not match that of any legitimate pointer, so many functions that return pointers return it to indicate an error.  NULL is defined as 0 in <stdio.h>; the user can include his own definition if he is not using <stdio.h>.

FILES

/lib/libc.a
/lib/libm.a
/usr/lib/libgl.a
/usr/lib/libbsd.a
/usr/lib/libsun.a
/usr/lib/librpcsvc.a

SEE ALSO

IRIS User’s Guide
IRIS Workstation Guide
ar(1), cc(1), ld(1), nm(1), intro(2), stdio(3S).

DIAGNOSTICS

Functions in the Math Library (3M) may return the conventional values 0 or HUGE (the largest single-precision floating-point number) when the function is undefined for the given arguments or when the value is not representable.  In these cases, the external variable errno (see intro(2)) is set to the value EDOM or ERANGE. 

Version 2.5r1  —  October 29, 1986