INTRO(1)                                                 INTRO(1)



     NAME
          intro - introduction to commands, application programs, and
          programming commands.

     DESCRIPTION
          This section describes, in alphabetical order, publicly-
          accessible commands.  Certain distinctions of purpose are
          made in the headings:

            (1)  Commands of general utility.
            (1C) Commands for communication with other systems.
            (1G) Graphics utilities.

        Manual Page Command Syntax
          Unless otherwise noted, commands described in the SYNOPSIS
          section of a manual page accept options and other arguments
          according to the following syntax and should be interpreted
          as explained below.

          name [ -option ... ] [ cmdarg ... ]
          where:

          [ ]          Surround an option or cmdarg that is not
                       required.

          ...          Indicates multiple occurrences of the option or
                       cmdarg.

          name         The name of an executable file.

          option       This is either
                       noargletter...
                       or
                       argletter optarg[,...]
                       It is always preceeded by a ``-''.

               noargletter
                       A single letter representing an option without
                       an option-argument.  Note that more than one
                       noargletter option can be grouped after one
                       ``-'' (Rule 5, below).

               argletter
                       A single letter representing an option
                       requiring an option-argument.

               optarg  An option-argument (character string)
                       satisfying a preceding argletter.  Note that
                       groups of optargs following an argletter must
                       be separated by commas, or separated by white
                       space and quoted (Rule 8, below).




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     INTRO(1)                                                 INTRO(1)



               cmdarg  Path name (or other command argument) not
                       beginning with ``-'', or ``-'' by itself
                       indicating the standard input.

        Command Syntax Standard:  Rules
          These command syntax rules are not followed by all current
          commands, but all new commands will obey them.  getopts(1)
          should be used by all shell procedures to parse positional
          parameters and to check for legal options.  It supports
          Rules 3-10 below.  The enforcement of the other rules must
          be done by the command itself.

               1.   Command names (name above) must be between two and
                    nine characters long.

               2.   Command names must include only lower-case letters
                    and digits.

               3.   Option names (option above) must be one character
                    long.

               4.   All options must be preceded by ``-''.

               5.   Options with no arguments may be grouped after a
                    single ``-''.

               6.   The first option-argument (optarg above) following
                    an option must be preceded by white space.

               7.   Option-arguments cannot be optional.

               8.   Groups of option-arguments following an option
                    must either be separated by commas or separated by
                    white space and quoted (e.g., -o xxx,z,yy or  -o
                    "xxx z yy").

               9.   All options must precede operands (cmdarg above)
                    on the command line.

               10.  ``- -'' may be used to indicate the end of the
                    options.

               11.  The order of the options relative to one another
                    should not matter.

               12.  The relative order of the operands (cmdarg above)
                    may affect their significance in ways determined
                    by the command with which they appear.

               13.  ``-'' preceded and followed by white space should
                    only be used to mean standard input.




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     INTRO(1)                                                 INTRO(1)



               Throughout the manual pages there are references to
               TMPDIR, BINDIR, INCDIR, LIBDIR, and LLIBDIR.  These
               represent directory names whose value is specified on
               each manual page as necessary.  For example, TMPDIR
               might refer to /tmp or /usr/tmp.  These are not
               environment variables and cannot be set.  (There is
               also an environment variable called TMPDIR which can be
               set.  See tmpnam(3S).)

     SEE ALSO
          getopts(1), exit(2), wait(2), getopt(3C).
     DIAGNOSTICS
          Upon termination, each command returns two bytes of status,
          one supplied by the system and giving the cause for
          termination, and (in the case of ``normal'' termination) one
          supplied by the program (see wait(2) and exit(2)).  The
          former byte is 0 for normal termination; the latter is
          customarily 0 for successful execution and non-zero to
          indicate troubles such as erroneous parameters, or bad or
          inaccessible data.  It is called variously ``exit code'',
          ``exit status'', or ``return code'', and is described only
          where special conventions are involved.
     WARNINGS
          Some commands produce unexpected results when processing
          files containing null characters.  These commands often
          treat text input lines as strings and therefore become
          confused upon encountering a null character (the string
          terminator) within a line.
     ORIGIN
          AT&T V.3

























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