xcalc(X) 06 January 1993 xcalc(X) Name xcalc - scientific calculator for X Syntax xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...] Description xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C. Options xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with two additional options: -stipple This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance. -rpn This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30. Operation Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard. Many common calculator operations have keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator. Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of precedence. Thus, entering ``3+4*5='' results in ``23'', not ``35''. The parentheses can be used to override this. For example, ``(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)='' results in ``6*15=90''. The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to paste the result of a calculation into text. The action procedures associated with each function are given below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator. The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is the corre- sponding digit, 0..9. 1/x Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure is reciprocal(). x^2 Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is square(). SQRT Takes the square root of the number in the display. The corre- sponding action procedure is squareRoot(). CE/C When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is clear(). AC Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the state is off(); to quit, quit(). INV Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The corresponding action procedure is inverse(). sin Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it com- putes the arcsine. The corresponding action procedure is sine(). cos Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corre- sponding action procedure is cosine(). tan Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corre- sponding action procedure is tangent(). DRG Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of of the calculator ``liquid crystal'' display. When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and vice- versa. Example: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter ``45 INV DRG''. The display should now show something along the lines of ``.785398'', which is 45 degrees converted to radians. The corresponding action procedure is degree(). e The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action procedure is e(). EE Used for entering exponential numbers. For example, to get ``-2.3E-4'' you'd enter ``2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-''. The corre- sponding action procedure is scientific(). log Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises ``10.0'' to the number in the display. For example, entering ``3 INV log'' should result in ``1000''. The corresponding action procedure is logarithm(). ln Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises ``e'' to the number in the display. For example, entering ``e ln'' should result in ``1''. The corre- sponding action procedure is naturalLog(). y^x Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For example ``2 y^x 3 ='' results in ``8'', which is 2^3. For a further example, ``(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) ='' equals ``6 y^x 3'' which equals ``216''. The corresponding action pro- cedure is power(). PI The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action procedure is pi(). x! Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The num- ber in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long before that. The corresponding action procedure is fac- torial(). ( Left parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is leftParen(). ) Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is rightParen(). / Division. The corresponding action procedure is divide(). * Multiplication. The corresponding action procedure is multi- ply(). - Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is subtract(). + Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add(). = Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is equal(). STO Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is store(). RCL Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is recall(). SUM Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is sum(). EXC Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI calcu- lator is exchange(). +/- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is negate(). . Decimal point. The action procedure is decimal(). Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter(). <- This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering a number. It will erase digits from the dis- play. (See BUGS). Inverse backspace will clear the X regis- ter. The corresponding action procedure is back(). ON Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. To clear state, the action procedure is off; to quit, quit(). INV Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multiple legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details. 10^x Raises ``10.0'' to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is tenpower(). e^x Raises ``e'' to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action procedure is epower(). STO Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key. RCL Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the stack. SUM Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the speci- fied memory location. x:y Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is Xex- changeY(). Rv Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The corresponding action procedure is roll(). blank These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C. Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc. Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bell(), which rings the bell; and selection(), which performs a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display. Accelerators Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively correct. The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are given below: _________________________________________________________________________ Keyboard TI Key HP Key Accelerator TI Function HP Function _________________________________________________________________________ SQRT SQRT r squareRoot() squareRoot() AC ON space clear() clear() AC <- Delete clear() back() AC <- Backspace clear() back() AC <- Control-H clear() back() AC Clear clear() AC ON q quit() quit() AC ON Control-C quit() quit() INV i i inverse() inverse() sin s s sine() sine() cos c c cosine() cosine() tan t t tangent() tangent() DRG DRG d degree() degree() e e e() ln ln l naturalLog() naturalLog() y^x y^x ^ power() power() PI PI p pi() pi() x! x! ! factorial() factorial() ( ( leftParen() ) ) rightParen() / / / divide() divide() * * * multiply() multiply() - - - subtract() subtract() + + + add() add() = = equal() 0..9 0..9 0..9 digit() digit() +/- CHS n negate() negate() x:y x XexchangeY() ENTR Return enter() ENTR Linefeed enter() Customization The application class name is XCalc. xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the posi- tion, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be indi- vidually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color resource specification might be: XCalc.ti.Command.background: gray50 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify: XCalc.ti.button20.background: black XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39: XCalc.ti.button22.background: white XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black Widget hierarchy In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets which compose xcalc. In the notation below, indentation indi- cates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, fol- lowed by the widget instance name. XCalc xcalc Form ti or rpn (the name depends on the mode) Form bevel Form screen Label M Toggle LCD Label INV Label DEG Label RAD Label GRAD Label P Command button1 Command button2 Command button3 and so on, ... Command button38 Command button39 Command button40 Application resources rpn (Class Rpn) Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode. stipple (Class Stipple) Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays. cursor (Class Cursor) The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is ``hand2''. See also X(X), xrdb(X) Known Limitations HP mode: A bug report claims that the sequence of keys 5, ENTER, <- should clear the display, but it does not.