ls(1BSD) (BSD System Compatibility) ls(1BSD)
NAME
ls - (BSD) list the contents of a directory
SYNOPSIS
/usr/ucb/ls [-aAcCdfFgilLqrRstu1] file . . .
DESCRIPTION
For each file which is a directory, ls lists the contents of
the directory; for each file which is a file, ls repeats its
name and any other information requested. By default, the
output is sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given,
the current directory is listed. When several arguments are
given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file
arguments are processed before directories and their contents.
Permissions Field
The mode printed under the -l option contains 10 characters
interpreted as follows. If the first character is:
d entry is a directory;
b entry is a block-type special file;
c entry is a character-type special file;
l entry is a symbolic link;
p entry is a FIFO (also known as named pipe) special
file, or
- entry is a plain file.
The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three
bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the
next refers to permissions to others in the same user-group;
and the last refers to all others. Within each set the three
characters indicate permission respectively to read, to write,
or to execute the file as a program. For a directory, execute
permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the
directory. The permissions are indicated as follows:
r the file is readable;
w the file is writable;
x the file is executable;
- the indicated permission is not granted.
The group-execute permission character is given as s if the
file has the set-group-id bit set; likewise the owner-execute
permission character is given as s if the file has the set-
user-id bit set.
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ls(1BSD) (BSD System Compatibility) ls(1BSD)
The last character of the mode (normally x or `-') is true if
the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See chmod(1) for the meaning
of this mode. The indications of set-ID and 1000 bits of the
mode are capitalized (S and T respectively) if the
corresponding execute permission is not set.
When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total
count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed. The
following options are available:
-a List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries
whose names begin with a `.' are not listed (except for
the privileged user, for whom ls normally prints even
files that begin with a `.').
-A Same as -a, except that `.' and `..' are not listed.
-c Use time of last edit (or last mode change) for sorting
or printing.
-C Force multi-column output, with entries sorted down the
columns; for ls, this is the default when output is to a
terminal.
-d If argument is a directory, list only its name (not its
contents); often used with -l to get the status of a
directory.
-f Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and
list the name found in each slot. This option turns off
-l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the
order in which entries appear in the directory.
-F Mark directories with a trailing slash (`/'), executable
files with a trailing asterisk (`*'), symbolic links
with a trailing at-sign (`@').
-g For ls, show the group ownership of the file in a long
output.
-i For each file, print the i-node number in the first
column of the report.
-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links,
owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for
each file. If the file is a special file the size field
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ls(1BSD) (BSD System Compatibility) ls(1BSD)
will instead contain the major and minor device numbers.
If the time of last modification is greater than six
months ago, it is shown in the format `month date year';
files modified within six months show `month date time'.
If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
linked-to file is printed preceded by `->'.
-L If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or
directory the link references rather than the link
itself.
-q Display non-graphic characters in filenames as the
character ?; for ls, this is the default when output is
to a terminal.
-r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or
oldest first as appropriate.
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-s Give size of each file, including any indirect blocks
used to map the file, in kilobytes.
-t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name.
-u Use time of last access instead of last modification for
sorting (with the -t option) and/or printing (with the
-l option).
-1 Force one entry per line output format; this is the
default when output is not to a terminal.
FILES
/etc/passwd to get user ID's for `ls -l' and `ls -o'.
/etc/group to get group ID for `ls -g'
NOTICES
NEWLINE and TAB are considered printing characters in
filenames.
The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype
is undesirable as `ls -s' is much different than `ls -s |
lpr'. On the other hand, not doing this setting would make
old shell scripts which used ls almost certain losers.
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ls(1BSD) (BSD System Compatibility) ls(1BSD)
Unprintable characters in file names may confuse the columnar
output options.
The identification of sockets made possible by -l or using the
-F option on a BSD system is not supported.
Copyright 1994 Novell, Inc. Page 4