VI(1) INTERACTIVE UNIX System VI(1)
NAME
vi, view, vedit - screen-oriented (visual) display editor
based on ex
SYNOPSIS
vi [-t tag] [-r file] [-L] [-wn] [-R] [-x] [-C] [-c command]
file ...
view [-t tag] [-r file] [-L] [-wn] [-R] [-x] [-C] [-c com-
mand] file ...
vedit [-t tag] [-r file] [-L] [-wn] [-R] [-x] [-C] [-c com-
mand] file ...
DESCRIPTION
vi (visual) is a display-oriented text editor based on an
underlying line editor ex(1). It is possible to use the
command mode of ex from within vi and vice-versa. The
visual commands are described on this manual page; how to
set options (like automatically numbering lines and automat-
ically starting a new output line when you type carriage
return) and all ex(1) line editor commands are described on
the ex(1) manual page.
When using vi, changes you make to the file are reflected in
what you see on your terminal screen. The position of the
cursor on the screen indicates the position within the file.
Invocation Options
The following invocation options are interpreted by vi (pre-
viously documented options are discussed in the NOTES sec-
tion at the end of this manual page):
-t tag Edit the file containing the tag and position
the editor at its definition.
-r file Edit file after an editor or system crash.
(Recovers the version of file that was in the
buffer when the crash occurred.)
-L List the name of all files saved as the result
of an editor or system crash.
-wn Set the default window size to n. This is
useful when using the editor over a slow-speed
line.
-R Read-only mode; the read-only flag is set,
preventing accidental overwriting of the file.
-x Encryption option; when used, vi simulates the
X command of ex(1) and prompts the user for a
key. This key is used to encrypt and decrypt
text using the algorithm of crypt(1). The X
command makes an educated guess to determine
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whether text read in is encrypted or not. The
temporary buffer file is encrypted also, using
a transformed version of the key typed in for
the -x option. [See crypt(1)]. Also, see the
WARNING section at the end of this manual
page.
-C Encryption option; same as the -x option,
except that vi simulates the C command of
ex(1). The C command is like the X command of
ex(1), except that all text read in is assumed
to have been encrypted.
-c command Begin editing by executing the specified edi-
tor command (usually a search or positioning
command).
The file argument indicates one or more files to be edited.
The view invocation is the same as vi except that the read-
only flag is set.
The vedit invocation is intended for beginners. It is the
same as vi except that the report flag is set to 1, the
showmode and novice flags are set, and magic is turned off.
These defaults make it easier to learn how to use vi.
vi Modes
Command Normal and initial mode. Other modes return
to command mode upon completion. ESC
(escape) is used to cancel a partial command.
Input Entered by setting any of the following
options: a A i I o O c C s S R. Arbitrary
text may then be entered. Input mode is nor-
mally terminated with ESC character, or,
abnormally, with an interrupt.
Last line Reading input for : / ? or !; terminate by
typing a carriage return; an interrupt can-
cels termination.
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COMMAND SUMMARY
In the descriptions, CR stands for carriage return and ESC
stands for the escape key.
Sample commands
<- ↓ ↑ -> arrow keys move the cursor
h j k l same as arrow keys
itextESC insert text
cwnewESC change word to new
easESC pluralize word (end of word; append s;
escape from input state)
x delete a character
dw delete a word
dd delete a line
3dd delete 3 lines
u undo previous change
ZZ exit vi, saving changes
:q!CR quit, discarding changes
/textCR search for text
^U ^D scroll up or down
:cmdCR any ex or ed command
Counts before vi commands
Numbers may be typed as a prefix to some commands. They are
interpreted in one of these ways.
line/column number z G |
scroll amount ^D ^U
repeat effect most of the rest
Interrupting, canceling
ESC end insert or incomplete cmd
DEL (delete or rubout) interrupts
File manipulation
ZZ if file modified, write and exit; otherwise, exit
:wCR write back changes
:w!CR forced write, if permission originally not valid
:qCR quit
:q!CR quit, discard changes
:e nameCR edit file name
:e!CR reedit, discard changes
:e + nameCR edit, starting at end
:e +nCR edit starting at line n
:e #CR edit alternate file
:e! #CR edit alternate file, discard changes
:w nameCR write file name
:w! nameCR overwrite file name
:shCR run shell, then return
:!cmdCR run cmd, then return
:nCR edit next file in arglist
:n argsCR specify new arglist
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^G show current file and line
:ta tagCR position cursor to tag
In general, any ex or ed command (such as substitute or glo-
bal) may be typed, preceded by a colon and followed by a
carriage return.
Positioning within file
^F forward screen
^B backward screen
^D scroll down half screen
^U scroll up half screen
nG go to the beginning of the specified line
(end default), where n is a line number
/pat next line matching pat
?pat previous line matching pat
n repeat last / or ? command
N reverse last / or ? command
/pat/+n n-th line after pat
?pat?-n n-th line before pat
]] next section/function
[[ previous section/function
( beginning of sentence
) end of sentence
{ beginning of paragraph
} end of paragraph
% find matching ( ) { or }
Adjusting the screen
^L clear and redraw window
^R clear and redraw window if ^L is -> key
zCR redraw screen with current line at top of window
z-CR redraw screen with current line at bottom of window
z.CR redraw screen with current line at center of window
/pat/z-CR move pat line to bottom of window
zn.CR use n-line window
^E scroll window down 1 line
^Y scroll window up 1 line
Marking and returning
`` move cursor to previous context
'' move cursor to first non-white space in line
mx mark current position with the ASCII lower-case letter x
`x move cursor to mark x
'x move cursor to first non-white space in line marked by x
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Line positioning
H top line on screen
L last line on screen
M middle line on screen
+ next line, at first non-white
- previous line, at first non-white
CR return, same as +
↓ or j next line, same column
↑ or k previous line, same column
Character positioning
^ first non white-space character
0 beginning of line
$ end of line
h or -> forward
l or <- backward
^H same as <- (backspace)
space same as -> (space bar)
fx find next x
Fx find previous x
tx move to character prior to next x
Tx move to character following previous x
; repeat last f F t or T
, repeat inverse of last f F t or T
n| move to column n
% find matching ( { ) or }
Words, sentences, paragraphs
w forward a word
b back a word
e end of word
) to next sentence
} to next paragraph
( back a sentence
{ back a paragraph
W forward a blank-delimited word
B back a blank-delimited word
E end of a blank-delimited word
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Corrections during insert
^H erase last character (backspace)
^W erase last word
erase your erase character, same as ^H (backspace)
kill your kill character, erase this line of input
\ quotes your erase and kill characters
ESC ends insertion, back to command mode
DEL interrupt, terminates insert mode
^D backtab one character; reset left margin
of autoindent
^^D caret (^) followed by control-d (^D);
backtab to beginning of line;
do not reset left margin of autoindent
0^D backtab to beginning of line;
reset left margin of autoindent
^V quote non-printable character
Insert and replace
a append after cursor
A append at end of line
i insert before cursor
I insert before first non-blank
o open line below
O open above
rx replace single char with x
RtextESC replace characters
Operators
Operators are followed by a cursor motion, and affect all
text that would have been moved over. For example, since w
moves over a word, dw deletes the word that would be moved
over. Double the operator, e.g., dd to affect whole lines.
d delete
c change
y yank lines to buffer
< left shift
> right shift
! filter through command
Miscellaneous Operations
C change rest of line (c$)
D delete rest of line (d$)
s substitute chars (cl)
S substitute lines (cc)
J join lines
x delete characters (dl)
X delete characters before cursor (dh)
Y yank lines (yy)
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Yank and Put
Put inserts the text most recently deleted or yanked; how-
ever, if a buffer is named (using the ASCII lower-case
letters a - z), the text in that buffer is put instead.
3yy yank 3 lines
3yl yank 3 characters
p put back text after cursor
P put back text before cursor
"xp put from buffer x
"xy yank to buffer x
"xd delete into buffer x
Undo, Redo, Retrieve
u undo last change
U restore current line
. repeat last change
"dp retrieve dth last delete
AUTHOR
vi and ex were developed by The University of California,
Berkeley California, Computer Science Division, Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
FILES
/tmp default directory where temporary
work files are placed; it can be
changed using the directory option
(see the ex(1) set command)
/usr/lib/terminfo/?/* compiled terminal description data
base
/usr/lib/.COREterm/?/* subset of compiled terminal descrip-
tion data base
NOTES
Two options, although they continue to be supported, have
been replaced in the documentation by options that follow
the Command Syntax Standard [see intro(1)]. A -r option
that is not followed with an option-argument has been
replaced by -L and +command has been replaced by -c command.
SEE ALSO
ed(1), edit(1), ex(1).
User's Guide.
curses/terminfo chapter of the Programmer's Guide.
WARNINGS
The encryption options are provided with the Security
Administration Utilities package, which is available only in
the United States.
Tampering with entries in /usr/lib/.COREterm/?/* or
/usr/lib/terminfo/?/* (for example, changing or removing an
entry) can affect programs such as vi(1) that expect the
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entry to be present and correct. In particular, removing
the "dumb" terminal may cause unexpected problems.
BUGS
Software tabs using ^T work only immediately after the
autoindent.
Left and right shifts on intelligent terminals do not make
use of insert and delete character operations in the termi-
nal.
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