| adb | debugger |
| addbib | create or extend bibliographic database |
| apply | apply a command to a set of arguments |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup |
| ar | archive and library maintainer |
| as | MC68000/MC68010 assembler |
| at | execute commands at a later time |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language |
| basename | strip filename affixes |
| bc | arbitrary precision arithmetic language |
| biff | notify when mail arrives |
| binmail | send or receive mail among users |
| cal | print calendar |
| calendar | reminder service |
| cat | concatenate and print files |
| cb | C program beautifier |
| cc | C compiler |
| compact, uncompact, ccat | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| cd | change working directory |
| eqn, neqn, checkeq | typeset mathematics |
| checknr | check nroff/troff files |
| chfn | change entry for finger |
| chgrp | change group ID of files |
| chmod | change access modes |
| chsh | change default login shell |
| ci | check in RCS revisions |
| clear | clear terminal screen |
| cmp | compare two files |
| co | check out RCS revisions |
| col | filter reverse line feeds |
| colcrt | filter nroff output for CRT previewing |
| colrm | remove selected columns from a file |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files |
| comp | compose a message; MH |
| uncompact, ccat, compact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| cp | copy |
| crypt | encode/decode |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax |
| ctags | create a tags file of functions and typedefs |
| date | print and set the date |
| dbx | debugger |
| dc | desk calculator |
| dd | convert and copy a file |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs |
| df | disk free |
| explain, diction | print wordy sentences; thesaurus |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator |
| diff3 | three-way differential file comparison |
| dist | redistribute a message to additional addresses; MH |
| du | summarize disk usage |
| echo | echo arguments |
| ed | text editor |
| ex, edit | base text editor for edit and vi |
| efl | Extended Fortran Language |
| grep, fgrep, egrep | search a file for a pattern |
| xsend, xget, enroll | send secure mail |
| neqn, checkeq, eqn | typeset mathematics |
| error | analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
| edit, ex | base text editor for edit and vi |
| unexpand, expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| diction, explain | thesaurus; print wordy sentences |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression |
| eyacc | modified yacc allowing much improved error recovery |
| f77 | Fortran 77 compiler |
| true, false | provide truth values |
| fed | font editor |
| grep, egrep, fgrep | search a file for a pattern |
| file | determine file type |
| find | find files |
| finger | user information lookup program |
| fmt | simple text formatter |
| fold | fold long lines into shorter lines |
| folder | set/list current folder/message; MH |
| forw | forward messages; MH |
| fp | Functional Programming language compiler/interpreter |
| fpr | print Fortran file |
| from | identify mail sender |
| fsplit | split a multi-routine Fortran file into individual files |
| gcore | get core images of running processes |
| gprof | display call graph profile data |
| egrep, fgrep, grep | search a file for a pattern |
| groups | show group memberships |
| head | print first few lines of file |
| hostid | set or print identifier of current host system |
| hostname | set or print name of current host system |
| ident | identify files |
| inc | incorporate new mail; MH |
| indent | indent and format C program source |
| lookbib, indxbib | find references in a bibliography; build inverted index |
| install | install binary files |
| intro | introduction to commands |
| iostat | report I/O statistics |
| join | relational database operator |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes |
| lastcomm | list previously executed commands in reverse order |
| ld | link editor |
| learn | UNIX tutorial |
| leave | remind the user of time to leave |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs |
| lint | a C program verifier |
| lisp | lisp interpreter |
| liszt | compile a FRANZ LISP program |
| ln | make links to files |
| lock | reserve a terminal |
| login | sign on |
| look | find lines in a sorted list |
| indxbib, lookbib | find references in a bibliography; build inverted index |
| lorder | find ordering relation for an object library |
| lpq | spool queue examination program |
| lpr | spool output to line printer |
| lprm | remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue |
| ls | list contents of directory |
| lxref | lisp cross reference program |
| m4 | macro processor |
| mail | send and receive mail |
| make | maintain program groups |
| man | print manual entries |
| merge | three-way file merge |
| mesg | permit or deny messages via write |
| mkdir | make a directory |
| mkstr | create an error message file from C programs |
| page, more | file perusal filter for CRT viewing |
| msgs | system messages |
| mt | pass command to magnetic tape drive |
| mv | move or rename files |
| eqn, checkeq, neqn | typeset mathematics |
| netstat | show network status |
| newaliases | rebuild the data base for the mail alias file |
| next | show the next message; MH |
| nohup, nice | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nm | print symbol table |
| nice, nohup | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nroff | text formatting |
| od | file dump (octal, decimal, hex, ASCII) |
| more, page | file perusal filter for CRT viewing |
| pagesize | print size of memory page in bytes |
| passwd | change login password |
| pc | Pascal compiler |
| pdx | Pascal debugger |
| pi | translate Pascal to interpreter |
| pick | select messages by content; MH |
| pix | Pascal interpreter and executor |
| pmerge | Pascal file merger |
| pr | print file |
| prev | show the previous message; MH |
| print | spool to the line printer using pr |
| printenv | list the setting of environment variables |
| prmail | print out mail in the post office |
| prof | display profile data |
| prompter | prompting editor front end; MH |
| ps | report process status |
| pti | phototypesetter interpreter |
| ptx | permuted index |
| pwd | working directory name |
| px | Pascal interpreter |
| pxp | Pascal execution profiler |
| pxref | Pascal cross-reference program |
| quota | displays disk usage and limits |
| ranlib | convert archives to random libraries |
| ratfor | rational Fortran dialect |
| rcs | change Revision Control System (RCS) file attributes |
| rcsdiff | compare RCS revisions |
| rcsintro | introduction to RCS commands |
| rcsmerge | merge RCS revisions |
| refer | find and insert literature references in documents |
| refile | file messages in other folders; MH |
| repl | reply to a message; MH |
| reset | reset the teletype bits to a sensible state |
| rev | reverse lines of a file |
| rlog | print log messages and other information about RCS files |
| rmdir, rm | remove (unlink) files or directories |
| rmail | handle remote mail received via uucp |
| rm, rmdir | remove (unlink) directories or files |
| rmf | remove folder; MH |
| rmm | remove messages; MH |
| roffbib | run off bibliographic database |
| scan | produce a one-line-per-message scan listing; MH |
| script | make typescript of terminal session |
| sed | stream editor |
| send | send a message; MH |
| sendbug | mail a system bug report to 4bsd-bugs |
| :, ., break, case, cd, continue, export, for, if, login, read, readonly, times, trap, umask, wait, while, sh | Bourne shell: a command language. |
| show | show (list) messages; MH |
| size | size of an object file |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| soelim | eliminate instances of .so from nroff input |
| sort | sort or merge files |
| sortbib | sort bibliographic database |
| spellin, spellout, spell | find spelling errors |
| spell, spellout, spellin | find spelling errors |
| spell, spellin, spellout | find spelling errors |
| split | split a file into pieces |
| strings | search binary files for ASCII strings |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits |
| struct | structure Fortran programs |
| stty | set terminal options |
| style | check writing style |
| su | substitute user ID temporarily |
| sum | count file blocks |
| symorder | rearrange symbol list |
| sysline | display system status on status line of a terminal |
| tabs | set terminal tabs |
| tail | output the last part of a file |
| talk | write to another user, using windows |
| tar | tape file archiver |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff |
| tc | phototypesetter simulator |
| tee | pipe fitting |
| test | condition evaluation |
| time | print a command’s elapsed, system and user times |
| tk | paginator for the Tektronix 4014 |
| touch | change modified date of file |
| tp | manipulate tape archive |
| tr | translate characters |
| trman | translate manual macros: version 6 to version 7 |
| nroff, troff | text formatting and typesetting |
| false, true | provide truth values |
| tset | terminal-dependent initialization |
| tsort | topological sort |
| tty | display terminal’s name |
| ul | enable underlining on terminal |
| compact, ccat, uncompact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| expand, unexpand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file |
| units | interactive measurement unit conversion |
| uptime | length of time system has been up |
| users | compact list of users who are on the system |
| vfontinfo | inspect and print out information about UNIX fonts |
| vgrind | format program source code using troff |
| vi | screen editor based on ex |
| vlp | format Lisp programs for printing |
| vmstat | report virtual memory statistics |
| vpr, vprm, vprint, vpq | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vprm, vpq, vprint, vpr | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vpr, vpq, vprint, vprm | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| w | lists users and current activity |
| wait | await completion of processes |
| wall | write to all users |
| wc | word count |
| what | list object module versions used to construct a file |
| whatis | briefly describe a command |
| whereis | locate source, binary, and manual for program |
| which | locate program files including aliases and paths (csh only) |
| who | who is on the system |
| whoami | print effective current user ID |
| write | write to another user |
| xsend, enroll, xget | send secure mail |
| xget, enroll, xsend | send secure mail |
| xstr | extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler |
| yes | output string repeatedly |
| accept | accept a connection on a socket |
| access | determine accessibility of file |
| acct | turn accounting on or off |
| bind | bind a name to a socket |
| sbrk, brk | change data segment size |
| chdir | change current working directory |
| fchmod, chmod | change mode of file |
| fchown, chown | change owner and group of a file |
| chroot | change root directory |
| close | delete a descriptor |
| connect | initiate a connection on a socket |
| creat | create a new file |
| dup2, dup | duplicate a descriptor |
| dup, dup2 | duplicate a descriptor |
| execve | execute a file |
| _exit, exit | terminate a process |
| chmod, fchmod | change mode of file |
| chown, fchown | change owner and group of a file |
| fcntl | file control |
| flock | apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file |
| fork | create a new process |
| stat, lstat, fstat | get file status |
| fsync | synchronize a file’s in-core state with that on disk |
| truncate, ftruncate | truncate a file to a specified length |
| getdtablesize, getdtablesize. | get descriptor table size |
| getgid, getegid | get group identity |
| getuid, geteuid | get user identity |
| getegid, getgid | get group identity |
| getgroups | get group access list |
| sethostid, gethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| sethostname, gethostname | get/set name of current host |
| setitimer, getitimer | get/set value of interval timer |
| getpagesize | get system page size |
| getpeername | get name of connected peer |
| getpgrp | get process group |
| getppid, getpid | get process identification |
| getpid, getppid | get process identification |
| setpriority, getpriority | get/set program scheduling priority |
| setrlimit, getrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption |
| getrusage | get information about resource utilization |
| getsockname | get socket name |
| setsockopt, getsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| settimeofday, gettimeofday | get/set date and time |
| geteuid, getuid | get user identity |
| highpri | make the current process a high priority process |
| intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers |
| ioctl | control device |
| kill | send signal to a process |
| killpg | send signal to a process group |
| link | make a hard link to a file |
| listen | listen for connections on a socket |
| lockf | provide advisory record locking on files |
| lseek | move read/write pointer |
| stat, fstat, lstat | get file status |
| mkdir | make a directory file |
| mknod | make a special file |
| munmap, mmap | maps or unmaps pages |
| umount, mount | mount or remove file system |
| normalpri | make the current process a normal priority process |
| open | open a file for reading or writing, or create a new file |
| pipe | create an interprocess communication channel |
| plock | lock the current process in core |
| profil | execution time profile |
| ptrace | process trace |
| punlock | unlock the current process |
| quota | manipulate disk quotas |
| readv, read | read input |
| readlink | read value of a symbolic link |
| read, readv | read input |
| reboot | reboot system or halt processor |
| recvfrom, recvmsg, recv | receive a message from a socket |
| recv, recvmsg, recvfrom | receive a message from a socket |
| recv, recvfrom, recvmsg | receive a message from a socket |
| rename | change the name of a file |
| rmdir | remove a directory file |
| brk, sbrk | change data segment size |
| select | synchronous i/o multiplexing |
| sendto, sendmsg, send | send a message from a socket |
| send, sendto, sendmsg | send a message from a socket |
| send, sendmsg, sendto | send a message from a socket |
| setgroups | set group access list |
| gethostid, sethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| gethostname, sethostname | get/set name of current host |
| getitimer, setitimer | get/set value of interval timer |
| setpgrp | set process group |
| getpriority, setpriority | get/set program scheduling priority |
| setquota | enable/disable quotas on a file system |
| setregid | set real and effective group ID |
| setreuid | set real and effective user IDs |
| getrlimit, setrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption |
| getsockopt, setsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| gettimeofday, settimeofday | get/set date and time |
| shutdown | shut down part of a full-duplex connection |
| sigblock | block signals |
| sigpause | atomically release blocked signals and wait for interrupt |
| sigsetmask | set current signal mask |
| sigstack | set and/or get signal stack context |
| sigvec | software signal facilities |
| socket | create an endpoint for communication |
| socketpair | create a pair of connected sockets |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| swapon | add a swap device for interleaved paging/swapping |
| symlink | make symbolic link to a file |
| sync | update super-block |
| syscall | indirect system call |
| ftruncate, truncate | truncate a file to a specified length |
| umask | set file creation mode mask |
| mount, umount | mount or remove file system |
| unlink | remove directory entry |
| utimes | set file times |
| vfork | spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way |
| vhangup | virtually “hangup” the current control terminal |
| wait3, wait | wait for process to terminate |
| wait, wait3 | wait for process to terminate |
| writev, write | write on a file |
| write, writev | write on a file |
| abort | generate a fault |
| abs | integer absolute value |
| atoi, atol, atof | convert ASCII to numbers |
| bcopy, bcmp, bzero, ffs, bstring | bit and byte string operations |
| setkey, encrypt, crypt | DES encryption |
| localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, ctime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isxdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii, toupper, tolower, toascii, ctype | character classification/conversion macros |
| opendir, readdir, telldir, seekdir, rewinddir, closedir, directory | directory operations |
| fcvt, gcvt, ecvt | output conversion |
| etext, edata, end | last locations in program |
| execv, execle, execlp, execvp, exec, exece, exect, environ, execl | execute a file |
| exit | terminate a process after flushing any pending output |
| ldexp, modf, frexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| getenv | value for environment name |
| getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent, getgrent | get group file entry |
| getlogin | get login name |
| getpass | read a password |
| getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent, getpwent | get password file entry |
| getwd | get current working directory pathname |
| remque, insque | insert/remove element from a queue |
| intro | introduction to library functions |
| free, realloc, calloc, alloca, malloc | memory allocator |
| mktemp | make a unique file name |
| monstartup, moncontrol, monitor | prepare execution profile |
| nlist | get entries from name list |
| sys_errlist, sys_nerr, perror | system error messages |
| pclose, popen | initiate I/O to/from a process |
| sys_siglist, psignal | system signal messages |
| qsort | quicker sort |
| srandom, initstate, setstate, random | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| re_comp, re_exec, regex | regular expression handler |
| scandir | scan a directory |
| setuid, seteuid, setruid, setegid, setrgid, setgid | set user and group ID |
| longjmp, setjmp | non-local goto |
| seteuid, setruid, setgid, setegid, setrgid, setuid | set user and group ID |
| sleep | suspend execution for interval |
| strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex, string | string operations |
| swab | swap bytes |
| openlog, closelog, syslog | control system log |
| system | issue a shell command |
| isatty, ttyslot, ttyname | find name of a terminal |
| valloc | aligned memory allocator |
| varargs | variable argument list |
| abort | terminate abruptly with memory image |
| access | determine accessibility of a file |
| alarm | execute a subroutine after a specified time |
| bessel functions, bessel | of two kinds for integer orders |
| bit | and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions |
| chdir | change default directory |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| dtime, etime | return elapsed execution time |
| exit | terminate process with status |
| fdate | return date and time in an ASCII string |
| flmax, ffrac, dflmin, dflmax, dffrac, inmax, flmin | return extreme values |
| flush | flush output to a logical unit |
| fork | create a copy of this process |
| intro, fortran | introduction to Fortran library functions |
| ftell, fseek | reposition a file on a logical unit |
| iargc, getarg | return command line arguments |
| fgetc, getc | get a character from a logical unit |
| getcwd | get pathname of current working directory |
| getenv | get value of environment variables |
| getlog | get user’s login name |
| getpid | get process id |
| getgid, getuid | get user or group ID of the caller |
| hostnm | get name of current host |
| itime, idate | return date or time in numerical form |
| rindex, lnblnk, len, index | tell about character objects |
| intro | introduction to Fortran library functions |
| ioinit | change f77 I/O initialization |
| kill | send a signal to a process |
| link | make a link to an existing file |
| loc | return the address of an object |
| short, long | integer object conversion |
| gerror, ierrno, perror | get system error messages |
| fputc, putc | write a character to a Fortran logical unit |
| qsort | quick sort |
| drand, irand, rand | return random values |
| rename | rename a file |
| signal | change the action for a signal |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| system | execute a UNIX command |
| ctime, ltime, gmtime, time | return system time |
| tclose, tread, twrite, trewin, tskipf, tstate, topen | f77 tape I/O |
| isatty, ttynam | find name of a terminal port |
| unlink | remove a directory entry |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate |
| ac | login accounting |
| sa, accton | system accounting |
| flcopy, arff | archiver and copier for floppy |
| bad144 | read/write DEC standard 144 bad sector information |
| badsect | create files to contain bad sectors |
| bugfiler | file bug reports in folders automatically |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual |
| chown | change owner |
| clri | clear inode |
| config | build system configuration files |
| cron | clock daemon |
| dcheck | filesystem directory consistency check |
| diskpart | calculate default disk partition sizes |
| dmesg | collect system diagnostic messages to form error log |
| dump | incremental filesystem dump |
| dumpfs | dump filesystem information |
| edquota | edit user quotas |
| fasthalt, fastboot | reboot/halt the system without checking the disks |
| arff, flcopy | archiver and copier for floppy |
| fsck | filesystem consistency check and interactive repair |
| getty | set terminal mode |
| halt | stop the processor |
| htable | convert NIC standard format host tables |
| icheck | filesystem storage consistency check |
| init | process control initialization |
| intro | introduction to system maintenance and operation commands |
| kgmon | generate a dump of the operating system’s profile buffers |
| lpc | line printer control program |
| lpd | line printer daemon |
| makedev | make system special files |
| makekey | generate encryption key |
| mkfs | construct a filesystem |
| mklost+found | make a lost+found directory for fsck |
| mknod | build special file |
| mkproto | construct a prototype filesystem |
| umount, mount | mount and dismount filesystem |
| ncheck | generate names from i-numbers |
| newfs | construct a new filesystem |
| pac | printer/plotter accounting information |
| pstat | print system facts |
| quot | summarize filesystem ownership |
| quotacheck | filesystem quota consistency checker |
| quotaon, quotaoff | enable/disable filesystem quotas |
| quotaoff, quotaon | enable/disable filesystem quotas |
| rc | command script for auto-reboot and daemons |
| reboot | UNIX bootstrapping procedures |
| renice | alter priority of running processes |
| repquota | summarize quotas for a filesystem |
| restore | incremental filesystem restore |
| rxformat | format floppy disks |
| accton, sa | system accounting |
| sendmail | send mail over the internet |
| shutdown | close down the system at a given time |
| sticky | executable files with persistent text |
| swapon | specify additional device for paging and swapping |
| sync | update the super block |
| syslog | log systems messages |
| tunefs | tune up an existing filesystem |
| mount, umount | mount and dismount filesystem |
| update | periodically update the super block |
| vipw | edit the password file |