crash(1M) crash(1M)
NAME
crash - examine system images
SYNOPSIS
/usr/sbin/crash [-d dumpfile] [-n namelist] [-w outputfile]
DESCRIPTION
The crash command is used to examine the system memory image of a run-
ning or a crashed system by formatting and printing control struc-
tures, tables, and other information. Command line arguments for crash
are dumpfile, namelist, and outputfile.
dumpfile is the file containing the system memory image. The default
dumpfile is /dev/mem.
The text file namelist contains the symbol table information needed
for symbolic access to the system memory image to be examined. The
default namelist is /stand/unix. If a system image from another
machine is to be examined, the corresponding text file must be copied
from that machine.
When the crash command is invoked, a session is initiated. The output
from a crash session is directed to outputfile. The default outputfile
is the standard output.
Input during a crash session is of the form:
function [argument ...]
where function is one of the crash functions described in the FUNC-
TIONS subsection of this manual page, and arguments are qualifying
data that indicate which items of the system image are to be printed.
The default for process-related items is the current process for a
running system or the process that was running at the time of the
crash for a crashed system. If the contents of a table are being
dumped, the default is all active table entries.
OPTIONS
The following function options are available to crash functions wher-
ever they are semantically valid.
-e Displays every entry in a table.
-f Displays the full structure.
-p Interprets all address arguments in the command line as
physical addresses. If they are not physical addresses,
results are inconsistent.
-s process Specifies a process slot other than the default.
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-w file Redirects the output of a function to file.
The functions mode, defproc, and redirect correspond to the function
options -p, -s, and -w. The mode function may be used to set the
address translation mode to physical or virtual for all subsequently
entered functions; defproc sets the value of the process slot argument
for subsequent functions; and redirect redirects all subsequent out-
put.
Output from crash functions may be piped to another program in the
following way:
function [argument ...] ! shellcommand
For example,
mount ! grep rw
writes all mount table entries with an rw flag to standard output. The
redirection option (-w) cannot be used with this feature.
Depending on the context of the function, numeric arguments are
assumed to be in a specific radix. Counts are assumed to be decimal.
Addresses are always hexadecimal. Table address arguments larger than
the size of the function table are interpreted as hexadecimal
addresses; those smaller are assumed to be decimal slots in the table.
Default bases on all arguments may be overridden. The C conventions
for designating the bases of numbers are recognized. A number that is
usually interpreted as decimal is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is
preceded by 0x and as octal if it is preceded by 0. Decimal override
is designated by 0d, and binary by 0b.
Aliases for functions may be any uniquely identifiable initial sub-
string of the function name. Traditional aliases of one letter, such
as p for proc, remain valid.
Many functions accept different forms of entry for the same argument.
Requests for table information accept a table entry number, a physical
address, a virtual address, a symbol, a range, or an expression. A
range of slot numbers may be specified in the form a-b where a and b
are decimal numbers. An expression consists of two operands and an
operator. An operand may be an address, a symbol, or a number; the
operator may be +, -, *, /, &, or |. An operand that is a number
should be preceded by a radix prefix if it is not a decimal number (0
for octal, 0x for hexadecimal, 0b for binary). The expression must be
enclosed in parentheses. Other functions accept any of these argument
forms that are meaningful.
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Two abbreviated arguments to crash functions are used throughout. Both
accept data entered in several forms. They may be expanded into the
following:
tableentry = tableentry | address | symbol | range | expression
startaddr = address | symbol | expression
FUNCTIONS
? [-w file]
List available functions.
!command
Escape to the shell and execute command.
as [-e] [-f] [-w file] [proc ...]
Print information on process segments.
async [-f] [-w file]
Output the list of data structures for asynchronous input/output
requests.
autoconf [-f] [-w file]
Gives information about the hardware components of a system. This
function is only supported during testing of system storage
dumps.
base [-w file] number ...
Print number in binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. A number
in a radix other than decimal should be preceded by a prefix that
indicates its radix as follows: 0x, hexadecimal; 0, octal; and
0b, binary.
buffer [-w file] [-format] bufferslot
buffer [-w file] [-format] [-p] startaddr
Alias: b.
Print the contents of a buffer in the designated format. The fol-
lowing format designations are recognized: -b, byte; -c, charac-
ter; -d, decimal; -x, hexadecimal; -o, octal; and, -i, inode. If
no format is given, the previous format is used. The default for-
mat at the beginning of a crash session is hexadecimal.
bufhdr [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: buf.
Print system buffer headers. The -f option produces different
output depending on whether the buffer is local or remote (con-
tains RFS data).
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bsdso [-w file] [-p] address ...
Output the struct socket data structure for the specified
addresses.
bt [-w file] [-f] [-p tableentry] stackaddress
Display a stack log starting with the stackaddress.
callout [-w file]
Alias: c.
Print the callout table.
class [-w file] [tableentry ...]
Print information about process scheduler classes.
cpupriv [-w file] [cpunumber]
Output the struct percpu data structure for the specified CPU.
crawl [-w file] [-s startaddress] [tableentry]
crawl [-w file] [-s startaddress] [#procid]
crawl [-w file] [-s startaddress] [procaddr]
Search the stack log for possible stack entries and disassemble
the area of 4 commands around the call of the next routine. You
can also specify the start address from which the stack log is to
be searched and specify the process.
dbfree [-w file] [class ...]
Print free streams data block headers. If a class is entered,
only data block headers for the class specified is printed.
dblock [-e] [-w file] [-c class ...]
dblock [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print allocated streams data block headers. If the class option
(-c) is used, only data block headers for the class specified is
printed.
defproc [-w file] [-c]
defproc [-w file] [slot]
Set the value of the process slot argument. The process slot
argument may be set to the current slot number (-c) or the slot
number may be specified. If no argument is entered, the value of
the previously set slot number is printed. At the start of a
crash session, the process slot is set to the current process.
dis [-w file] [-a] startaddr [count]
dis [-w file] [-a] -c [count]
Disassemble count instructions starting at startaddr. The
default count is 1. The absolute option (-a) specifies a non-
symbolic disassembly. The -c option can be used in place of
startaddr to continue disassembly at the address at which a pre-
vious disassembly ended.
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dispq [-w file] [tableentry ...]
Print the dispatcher (scheduler) queues.
ds [-w file] virtualaddress ...
Print the data symbol whose address is closest to, but not
greater than, the address entered.
ep [-cStreams] [-wfilename] [-aage]
Evaluation of the profile of the ep(7) event profiler.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
-w Redirect output to filename.
-a Only events older than age are output. age can be specified
in
n[h] hours
n[m] minutes
n[s] seconds
Example: age = 1h or 30m or 10s
If age is specified without a unit, the value is interpreted
as a tic (1/HZ sec.).
A heading is output first specifying the CLIENT and the tic value
since the system boot. The crash version and the mode of the pro-
file are then output.
The stored information is then evaluated. The event profiler
first prints the OBJECT key in every line. This makes it easy to
process the output at a later point with grep, sed or awk.
The first event output relates to creating the OBJECT
[epcreate()]. All other events were stored by eppush() calls.
The second column contains the tics since the system boot. The
third column contains the trace IDs and the names of the trace
points in case crash knows these.
The next columns either contain the stack backtrace of the caller
or the evaluation of trace-specific data.
epcallers [-cStreams] -scallers
Determine the number of callers to be stored in the stack back-
trace of the caller.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
-s Number of callers [0,...,10]
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The event profiler normally stores five callers. There may be
cases, however, where it suffices to store fewer callers. Since
the definition of callers is very time-consuming for MIPS, the
number of callers should be kept to a minimum so as not to inter-
rupt operation too severely.
epcleanup [-cStreams]
Free all memory for the CLIENT again.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
epinit -cStreams -m{PROFILING | MFREE} [-tmask] [-p] [-oobjects]
[-eevents]
Initialize event profiler ep(7) and reserve memory for the pro-
file.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
-m Mode: Either PROFILING (history of all OBJECTS) created or
MFREE (multiple releases discovered).
-t Bitmask in which the bits are set for all active trace
points.
-p A PANIC should be triggered when the configured number of
OBJECTS has been reached.
-o Max. number of OBJECTS, for which information can be stored
at the same time [4000,...,40000].
-e Max. number of events that can be stored simultaneously
[10000,...,100000].
The -p option can be very helpful in locating the memory leak. If
you wait until the system has freed the memory, it is generally
no longer possible to generate a system dump. However, if the
event profiler triggers a PANIC as soon as the number of OBJECTS
has been reached, there are generally sufficient events stored in
the event profiler to find the memory leak. The dump can then be
evaluated subsequently using crash.
If no optional parameters were specified, epinit uses appropri-
ate default values which depend on the CLIENT and the mode. The
profile then needs approx. 4 MB main memory.
epstart [-cStreams]
Start the ep(7) event profiler for the CLIENT: The storage of
events begins.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
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epstop [-cStreams]
Halt the event profiler ep(7) for the CLIENT again: The storage
of creation and other events is halted. Processing of the release
events continues as otherwise alleged memory leaks would be
displayed.
The profile can then be evaluated with the crash command ep,
without fear of the data being evaluated being modified per-
manently in the process.
-c Specify the CLIENT (only Streams at present).
evactive [-w file] [-f] [eventname]
Output all event queues. The output can also be filtered accord-
ing to the eventname.
evmm [-w file]
Output the administration structures of the event memory manage-
ment.
file [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: f.
Print the file table.
fileof [-w file] inpcbaddr
Search for processes/file descriptors that refer to the struct
msgb inpcbaddr.
findaddr [-w file] table slot
Print the address of slot in table. Only tables available to the
size function are available to findaddr.
findslot [-w file] virtualaddress ...
Print the table, entry slot number, and offset for the address
entered. Only tables available to the size function are available
to findslot.
fs [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the file system information table.
gdp [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the gift descriptor protocol table. A "gift" denotes a
reference to a remote receive file descriptor.
help [-w file] function ...
Print a description of the named function, including syntax and
aliases.
hrt [-w file]
Output all high-resolution timers.
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icmpstat [-w file] [[-p] icmpstataddr ...]
Output the ICMP (Interface Control Message Protocol) statistic.
ifnet [-w file] [-l] [-p] ifnetaddr ...
Output the struct ifnet (network interface statistic) data struc-
ture for the specified ifnetaddr addresses.
ifstats [-w file] [-l] [-p] ifstatsaddr ...
Output the struct ifstats (interfaces statistic) data structure
for the specified ifstatsaddr addresses.
ikdb Switch to ikdb emulation mode. All functions called subsequently
correspond to those of the ikdb diagnostics program which is con-
tained in the system kernel. Deviations from this are described
here.
inode [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: i.
Print the inode table, including file system switch information.
inpcb [-w file] [-l] [-p] inpcbaddr ...
Output the struct inpcb (Internet Protocol Control Block) data
structure for the specified inpcbaddr addresses. The host
entries for the entire list of these data structures are output
if the -l option is specified.
ipcs [-w file] [-f] [-m] [-s] [-q]
Output information on active facilities for interprocess communi-
cation (IPC facilities). You can control the type of IPC facili-
ties used to output information by specifying options: message
queues (-q), semaphores (-s), or shared memory (-m).
ipstat [-w file] [[-p] ipstataddr ...]
Output the Internet protocol status (struct ipstat data struc-
ture) for the specified ipstataddr addresses.
kfp [-w file] [-s process] [-r]
kfp [-w file] [-s process] [value]
Print the kernel frame pointer (kfp) for the start of a kernel
stack trace. The kfp value can be set using the value argument or
the reset option (-r), which sets the kfp through the NVRAM
(non-volatile RAM). If no argument is entered, the current value
of the kfp is printed.
kmafreelists [-w file] [-f]
Output the free lists for the kernel memory.
kmastat [-w file]
Print kernel memory allocator statistics.
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lck [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: l.
Print record locking information. If the -e option is used or
table address arguments are given, the record lock list is
printed. If no argument is entered, information on locks relative
to inodes is printed.
linkblk [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the linkblk table.
map [-w file] mapname ...
Print the map structure of the given mapname.
mb2info [-w file] mb2infoaddr
Output the struct mb2ctlrinfo MBII controller information data
structure for the specified mb2infoaddr address. This function
is only supported for the RM600-xxx.
mbfree [-w file]
Print free streams message block headers.
mblk [-w file] [-c] [-d] [-f] [-r] [-p] mblkaddr ...
Output information on streams messages. All message blocks con-
sisting of a single logical message are output using the -c
option. Data belonging to the message block is output, in addi-
tion, using the -d option. Message blocks can be output in the
sequence of forward chaining (-f) or reverse chaining (-r).
mblock [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print allocated streams message block headers.
mode [-w file] [mode]
Set address translation of arguments to virtual (v) or physical
(p) mode. If no mode argument is given, the current mode is
printed. At the start of a crash session, the mode is virtual.
mount [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: m, vfs.
Print information about mounted file systems.
mplck [-w file] [-p] mplckaddr ...
Output information on multiprocessor locks (struct lck).
mplock [-w file] [-p] mplckaddr ...
Output information on multiprocessor locks (struct lck).
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mplog [-w file] [-f] [-r] [-l mplckaddr] [count]
Output logged information on multiprocessor locks. The output is
unformatted if the -r option is specified. The -l option re-
stricts output to the mplckaddr lock. The number of log entries
to be output can be specified using count.
mpsema [-w file] [-p] lockaddr ...
Output information on the lockaddr semaphore.
mpspin [-w file] [-p] lockaddr ...
Output information on the lockaddr multiprocessor lock.
mpstat [-w file]
Output status information on multiprocessor locks.
myq [-w file] [-p] queueaddr ...
Output the administration structures for message queues (struct
queue data structure).
nm [-w file] symbol ...
Print value and type for the given symbol.
od [-p] [-w file] [-format] [-mode] [-s process] startaddr [count]
Alias: rd.
Print count values starting at startaddr in one of the following
formats: character (-c), decimal (-d), hexadecimal (-x), octal
(-o), ASCII (-a), or hexadecimal character (-h), and one of the
following modes: long (-l), int (-i), short (-t), or byte (-b).
The default mode for character and ASCII formats is byte; the
default mode for decimal, hexadecimal, and octal formats is long.
The format -h prints both hexadecimal and character representa-
tions of the addresses dumped; no mode needs to be specified.
When format or mode is omitted, the previous value is used. At
the start of a crash session, the format is hexadecimal and the
mode is long. If no count is entered, 1 is assumed.
page [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print information about pages.
pcb [-w file] [-u] [process]
pcb [-w file] [-k] [process]
pcb [-w file] [[-p]-i startaddr]
Print the process control block. If no arguments are given, the
active pcb for the current process is printed. The user option
(-u) prints the user pcb and the kernel option (-k) prints the
kernel pcb associated with the process. The interrupt option (-i)
prints the interrupt pcb located at startaddr.
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plock [-t]
plock [-d]
plock [-u]
This command can be used to lock the text segment (-t) or the
data segment (-d) of the crash process in the memory. There is no
option for locking both segments in the memory. This means that
the crash process can no longer be swapped out. The -u option
cancels existing locks.
prnode [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print information about the private data of processes being
traced.
proc [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] [-a] tableentry ... #procid ...]
proc [-f] [-w file] [-r]
Alias: p.
Print the process table. Process table information may be speci-
fied in two ways. First, any mixture of table entries and process
IDs may be entered. Each process ID must be preceded by a #.
Alternatively, process table information for executable processes
may be specified with the executable option (-r). Only those
processes that have alarm times set are output if the -a option
is specified.
prov [-w file] [[-p] ipprovideraddr ...]
Output all or specific (ipprovideraddr) struct ipprovider data
structures.
provext [-w file]
Output all struct ipproviderext data structures.
ptbl [-w file] [-s process] section segment [count]
ptbl [-w file] [-s process] [-p] addr [count]
Print information on page descriptor tables.
pte [-w file] pteaddr ...
Output the struct pte data structure for the specified pteaddr
addresses.
pty [-f] [-e] [-w file] [-s] [-h] [-l] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the pseudo ttys presently configured. The -l, -h and -h
options give information about the STREAMS modules ldterm, ptem
and pckt, respectively.
qrun [-w file]
Print the list of scheduled streams queues.
queue [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print streams queues.
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quit Alias: q.
Terminate the crash session.
rcvd [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the receive descriptor table.
rduser [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the receive descriptor user table.
redirect [-w file] [-c]
redirect [-w file] [newfile]
Used with a file name, redirects output of a crash session to
newfile. If no argument is given, the file name to which output
is being redirected is printed. Alternatively, the close option
(-c) closes the previously set file and redirects output to the
standard output.
resource [-e] [-w file]
Print the advertise table.
route [-w file] [-p] routeaddr ...
Output the struct route data structure for the specified
routeaddr addresses.
rtdptbl [-w file] [tableentry ...]
Print the real-time scheduler parameter table [see rtdptbl(4)].
rtentry [-w file] [-p] rtentryaddr ...
Output the struct rtentry data structure for the specified
rtentryaddr addresses.
rtproc [-w file]
Print information about processes in the real-time scheduler
class.
search [-p] [-w file] [-m mask] [-s process] pattern startaddr length
Print the words in memory that match pattern, beginning at the
startaddr for length words. The mask is ANDed (&) with each
memory word and the result compared against the pattern. The mask
defaults to 0xffffffff.
size [-w file] [-x] [structurename ...]
Print the size of the designated structure. The (-x) option
prints the size in hexadecimal. If no argument is given, a list
of the structure names for which sizes are available is printed.
sndd [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the send descriptor table.
snidebug [value]
Set the value of snidebuglevel to value.
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snode [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print information about open special files.
sperr [-w file] [-e] [-f]
Abbreviation: sp.
Gives information and hardware exchange recommendations when a SP
bus error occurs. This function is only supported during testing
of the system storage dump of a crashed RM600-xxx.
Print the MMU segment table values.
srmount [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the server mount table.
stack [-w file] [-u] [process]
stack [-w file] [-k] [process]
stack [-w file] [[-p] -i startaddr]
Alias: s.
Dump the stack. The (-u) option prints the user stack. The (-k)
option prints the kernel stack. The (-i) option prints the inter-
rupt stack starting at startaddr. If no arguments are entered,
the kernel stack for the current process is printed. The inter-
rupt stack and the stack for the current process are not avail-
able on a running system.
stat [-w file]
Print system statistics.
stream [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print the streams table.
strstat [-w file]
Print streams statistics.
strtty [-w file] [-l] strttyaddr
Output the struct strtty data structure for the specified
strttyaddr address.
stt [-w file] sttaddr
Output the data structure of type sttt for the specified
sttaddr address.
tco [-w file] [-f] [-t] [-p] tcoaddr ...
Output the struct tcoendpt data structure for the specified
tcoaddr addresses.
tcpclearbuf [-w file]
Delete the logged tcp information.
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tcpsetfaddr internetaddr
Set the remote Internet address to be logged.
tcpsetladdr internetaddr
Set the local Internet address to be logged.
tcptrace [-w file]
Output the logged tcp information.
tcptracestatus [-w file]
Display the status of the logging of the tcp information.
tcpcb [-w file] [-p] tcpcbaddr ...
Output the tcp administration structure (struct tcpcb) for the
specified tcpcbaddr addresses.
tcpiphdr [-w file] [-p] tcpiphdraddr ...
Abbreviation: ti.
Output the struct tcpiphdr data structure for the specified
tcpiphdraddr addresses.
tcpstat [-w file] [[-p] tcpstataddr ...]
Display statistical information on tcp. If the tcpstataddr
address is specified, this data structure (struct tcpstat) is
then used for that.
trace [-w file] [-r] [process]
trace [-w file] [[-p] -I startaddr]
Alias: t.
Print stack trace. The kfp value is used with the -r option; the
kfp function prints or sets the kfp (kernel frame pointer) value.
The interrupt option prints a trace of the interrupt stack begin-
ning at startaddr. The interrupt stack trace and the stack trace
for the current process are not available on a running system.
troff
Disable detailed output of the stack log.
tron Enable detailed output of the stack log.
ts [-w file] virtualaddress ...
Print text symbol closest to the designated address.
tsdptbl [-w file] [tableentry ...]
Print the time-sharing scheduler parameter table [see
tsdptbl(4)].
tsproc [-w file]
Print information about processes in the time-sharing scheduler
class.
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tty [-e] [-f] [-l] [-w file] [-ttype [[-p] tableentry ...]]
tty [-e] [-f] [-l] [-w file] [[-p] startaddr]
Valid types: pp, iu.
Print the tty table. If no arguments are given, the tty table for
both tty types is printed. If the -t option is used, the table
for the single tty type specified is printed. If no argument fol-
lows the type option, all entries in the table are printed. A
single tty entry may be specified using startaddr. The -l option
prints the line discipline information.
udpstat [-w file] [[-p] udpstataddr ...]
Display statistical information on udp. If the udpstataddr
address is specified, this data structure (struct udpstat) is
used for that.
uinode [-e] [-f] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: ui.
Print the ufs inode table.
user [-f] [-w file] [process]
Alias: u.
Print the struct user data structure for the designated process.
This structure is referenced in the kernel by the variable u
(i.e. u.ucdir, u.usignal).
var [-w file]
Alias: v.
Print the tunable system parameters.
vfs [-e] [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Alias: mount, m.
Print information about mounted file systems.
vfssw [-w file] [[-p] tableentry ...]
Print information about configured file system types.
vnode [-w file] [[-p] vnodeaddr ...]
Print information about virtual inodes. A virtual inode provides
a generic inode interface to the system. It is the part of VFS
(virtual file system) that represents a generic file system to
the base system. Each virtual inode has a file system specific
data area that the internal file system (e.g. ufs) uses for its
on-disk inode.
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Outside a particular file system, only virtual inodes are used
and operated on. For instance, the current directory of a process
is represented in the user area (u.ucdir) as a pointer to a vir-
tual inode.
vtop [-w file] [-s process] startaddr ...
Print the physical address translation of the virtual address
startaddr.
w [-f] [-w file] {addr value} ...
Write the value to addr.
Functions in ikdb emulation mode
Following the switch to ikdb emulation mode with the crash function,
all functions known to ikdb(8) are available. However, there are some
functions that are not contained in crash:
arp, assert, B, bp, call, D, d, dump, ki, lb, mm, more, pa, rnode,
rtable, set, shortio, siminfo, so, st, strtty, tco, timtim, un, W, w,
wa.
Additional functions in ikdb emulation mode
cd [directorypath]
Set path for structure module.
file [-w] [filename]
Activate output redirect for ikdb emulation. If the -w option is
specified, output is only sent to filename, otherwise it is sent
to standard output and to the file. The file function without
parameters resets the output redirect.
inpcb {address | offset}
Display the contents of a specific inpcb structure.
kmapool kmpaddr
Display the contents of a specific kmp structure.
prabic addr
Display the contents of the IFC/BIC folder after addr. This func-
tion is only supported for the RM600-xxx.
ps [address] [type]
Display the contents of a specific structure for address. The
structure here is of type type, and must be defined as a struc-
ture module.
tcpcb {address | offset}
Display the contents of a specific tcpcb structure.
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crash(1M) crash(1M)
troff
Disable detailed output of stack protocol.
tron Enable detailed output of stack protocol.
vtop proc vaddr
Display stages in converting virtual to physical storage
addresses for the proc vaddr address pair.
FILES
/dev/mem
system image of currently running system
SEE ALSO
ep(7), ikdb(8).
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