KERMIT(1C) UNIX System V(July 18 1991) KERMIT(1C)
NAME
kermit - file transfer, management, and terminal connection
SYNOPSIS
kermit [ option ...] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Kermit is a family of file transfer, management, and telecommunication
programs available many different computer operating systems and
architectures. Kermit programs transfer both text and binary files
completely and correctly, and most Kermit programs include dialout and
terminal connection capability. This man page describes version 5A of
C-Kermit, the Kermit program written in C for UNIX, VAX/VMS, and several
other computer systems. See the C-Kermit documentation
(/usr/dell/kermit/doc/kermit.doc, distributed as ckuker.doc in plain text
format and ckuker.ps for Postscript printers) or the Kermit book for
further information. (During testing, this version of kermit may be
called wermit. In that case, you should replace kermit with wermit in
file names mentioned in this man page in order to use the newer version.)
Kermit is designed to help you communicate between two computers over
dialups and other RS-232 lines, and in some cases also over networks. If
you run C-Kermit on a desktop computer, it will dial for you, and even
log in automatically over the dialup connection. Once the connection is
established, you can have a terminal session and you can transfer files.
To transfer files, you need to run Kermit on both computers.
Kermit is an "integrated" communications program. It does the same thing
as separate dialout programs like CU or Tip, and file transfer programs
such as Xmodem. It also has a script language, which you can use to
automate communications tasks. PC implementations of Kermit normally
have a terminal emulator built in. The version of Kermit described in
this man page doesn't include a terminal emulator because most systems on
which it is used don't need one.
Kermit has one major philosophical difference from most file transfer
programs: Normally the copy of Kermit on the remote machine runs as a
"server". With programs such as Xmodem, in order to transfer a file you
have to tell the program on the remote machine to send the file, then
return to your home computer and tell it to receive the file. For every
file to be sent or received, you must give commands to both computers.
In contrast, Kermit allows you to control all operations from your home
computer. The copy of Kermit on the remote machine acts as a slave.
Your home computer coordinates operations, sending the necessary commands
to the remote Kermit. In addition to transferring files, you can also
tell Kermit to execute commands on the server, such as doing directories,
deleting files, and even sending and reading mail.
Normally you give Kermit commands interactively. That is, to start
Kermit, simply type the command "kermit" with no arguments. Once Kermit
has started up, it will prompt you for commands. Kermit's command
interpreter has good built-in help facilities. If you use the same
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commands a lot, you can put them into files, and get Kermit to execute
them automatically. It is also possible to give Kermit commands by using
options on the command line. This method is normally used in shell
scripts. Those options will be described at the end of this man page.
When Kermit starts, it reads commands from a file called .kermrc in your
home directory. It executes those commands before prompting you for
interactive commands. Typically .kermrc will define parameters of the
terminal line such as line speed and parity, or it may contain macro
definitions. It will also give instructions to Kermit on such matters as
transfer block size and use of sliding windows.
Kermit's command language is too large to describe it completely in a man
page. Thus the rest of this man page will give some examples, and then
summarize the facilities available. See /usr/dell/kermit/doc/kermit.doc
for complete documentation.
TYPICAL COMMANDS FOR A SERVER SYSTEM
Here is a reasonable .kermrc file for use on a server system. By
"server", we mean the "big" computer you are logged into remotely, as
opposed to the PC on your desktop. On the remote computer, you typically
want .kermrc to set up some default parameters and then put Kermit into
server mode. The idea is that you log into the big system, start the
Kermit server, and then return to Kermit on your PC and issue commands
from there. (To return to Kermit on your PC, type Control-] and then
"c", or whatever its escape sequence is.) When you are finished doing
Kermit commands, you type the "finish" and "connect" commands on your PC.
That tells Kermit on the big system to go out of server mode, and returns
you to an interactive connection. Or, if you have no further need to use
the remote computer, type "bye" to log out your remote session and hang
up your connection.
Here is a typical .kermrc file. It assumes you are using a connection
with 8 bits, no parity, which is the default for Kermit and for most
direct, modem, and terminal server PC-to-host connections.
The following commands set the most efficient communications mode, with
big packet sizes and sliding windows.
set receive packet 740
set window 4
The following enables 12-bit checksums. This is recommended when using
big block sizes.
set block 2
Remove the semicolons from the following lines if your PC uses Unix or
some Unix-like system such as Minix. Normally Kermit assumes the two
computers are different and performs conversion of file names and file
contents. This disables these conversions.
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;;set fil type binary
; Go into server mode.
server
The "server" command causes Kermit to set itself up to accept commands
from Kermit on your PC. If you have this command in your .kermrc, Kermit
will not prompt you for commands, since it will go into server mode
instead. If you have put Kermit into server mode by mistake, you can get
its prompt back by typing several Control-C's.
USE OF C-KERMIT FOR DIALING OUT
This man page is for the Unix version of Kermit. Normally Unix is the
'big' or remote computer system. Your desktop computer will normally be
using a PC version of Kermit that has its own documentation, which you
should use instead of this. This section gives instructions for when
your local desktop computer is running Unix, and you are using C-Kermit
to dial out to another computer. If the other computer is not Unix-
based, or not running C-Kermit, you'll need to refer to the other
computer's Kermit documentation for details on commands and file syntax.
Here is a .kermrc for use by Kermit on your desktop Unix computer that is
compatible with the setup shown above. You'll only be able to use this
example directly if you're running Unix on your PC. But there are
equivalent commands for other versions of Kermit.
; Tell Kermit which kind of modem your PC has.
; Try 'set modem ?' for a list of supported modems.
set modem hayes
; Some computers need the following and some don't.
; Remove the semicolon if yours does.
;set dial hangup off
; The device name for the communication port that the
; modem is connected to. Substitute the name used on
; your computer, if necessary.
set line /dev/tty0
; Speed to use for dialing. Change this if necessary.
set speed 2400
; Set up efficient communications parameters.
set receive packet-length 740
set window 4
set block-check 2
; Uncomment the next line if both systems are Unix:
;set file type binary
; Define a macro for connecting to a terminal server.
; You'll need to change this to match the phone number
; you use. 'prompt>' should be changed to match the
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; prompt issued by the terminal server, if any.
; 'vt100' should be changed to match the terminal type
; your console driver or Kermit emulates. Note the
; use dashes to continue the long command line.
;
define dodial dial 9999999,-
script ~w1prompt>--prompt>--prompt>--prompt>--prompt> -
term~sterm~svt100, connect
; Here's a macro that connects to a terminal server and
; logs you in. Use the name of the computer you log
; into for 'host'. Use your own name for 'username'
; and password, don't store your password in a file!
; If the system normally prompts you for an account use
; your account for 'account', otherwise eliminate
; ~raccount. Note the use of dash for line continuation.
;
define dologin askq \%p Password:,-
dial 9999999,-
script ~w1prompt>--prompt>--prompt>--prompt>--prompt> -
term~sterm~svt100~r~w15host ogin: username word: \%p~r-
account, connect
When you start Kermit on your local Unix computer, it will read this
.kermrc and then wait for you to type commands. If you just want to talk
directly to the modem port, type the CONNECT command. At that point
you'll have to use "atdt" to dial, or whatever command your modem uses.
If nothing appears on your screen when you give commands to the modem,
escape back to Kermit, give the command SET CARRIER OFF, CONNECT, and try
again.
The .kermrc file defines two commands that you can use instead of CONNECT
to make things more automatic. dodial will dial up a terminal server,
set the terminal type, and leave you at the terminal server's prompt.
dologin will do this and then actually log you into a Unix host. NOTE:
This example of you are actually logging in to.
USING C-KERMIT TO TRANSFER FILES
Here's how to use Kermit to transfer files. First run Kermit on local
computer. Either use the CONNECT command and login to the remote
computer yourself, or use something like the dologin script shown above.
To transfer files, do the following:
⊕ Run Kermit on your local (desktop) computer.
⊕ Establish connection to the remote computer. If you local computer
is running C-Kermit, then use the sequence SET MODEM <modem-name>,
SET SPEED, DIAL <number> (if you are dialing with a modem). If you
are using MS-DOS or other Kermit that lacks a DIAL command, proceed
to the next step.
⊕ Set any other necessary communication parameters, such as PARITY,
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DUPLEX, and FLOW-CONTROL. If you will be communicating with an IBM
mainframe in line-mode (not full-screen mode), give the command DO
IBM.
⊕ Give the CONNECT command. If you have a modem, but have not yet
dialed the remote computer, type the modem dialing commands now.
⊕ Log in to the remote computer.
⊕ Start Kermit on the remote computer, give it any desired SET
commands for file, communication, or protocol-related parameters.
If you will be transferring binary files, give the command SET FILE
TYPE BINARY to the remote Kermit.
⊕ Give the remote Kermit the SERVER command.
⊕ Escape back to the Kermit program on your local (desktop) computer.
If your local computer is running C-Kermit, type Ctrl-\ c (Control-
backslash followed by the letter 'c'). If MS-DOS Kermit, use Alt-X
or Ctrl-] c. You should now see your local Kermit program's prompt.
⊕ If you will be transferring binary files, give the command SET FILE
TYPE BINARY.
⊕ Use GET followed by the filename to get files from the remote
computer to your local computer. Use SEND followed by the filename
to put files from your local computer to the big system. You may
use "wildcard" characters such as * and ? in the filenames to
specify groups of files.
⊕ When you finish transferring files, and you need to continue your
work on the remote remote computer, type FINISH and then CONNECT.
You're now talking Kermit on the remote computer again. Type EXIT
to get back to the command parser on the remote system. At the end,
logout normally on the big system. Then escape back to Kermit on
your local computer, and then EXIT out of the local Kermit program.
⊕ If you don't need to go back to the remote computer again, type the
BYE command to the local Kermit program. This will shut down the
remote Kermit server and terminate (log out) your remote session.
HELP
Kermit has extensive built-in help. You can find out what commands exist
by typing ? at the beginning of a line. You can type HELP followed by
the name of a command for information on it. For commands that take
multiple arguments, you can type ? in the middle of the command for more
information, and you can also use help with several arguments. E.g. SET
has many different things you can set, like SET RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH
1000. You can type 'SET ?', or 'SET RECEIVE ?', etc. 'HELP SET' will
talk about the 'SET' command in general,
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Kermit also accepts traditional Unix-style command-line arguments. To
see what these are, type 'kermit -h'.
BACKSLASH NOTATION
Within an interactive command, \ is a special character to help you enter
special quantities, or ordinary characters that would otherwise be
illegal or hard to type. At the end of a line, \ (backslash) (or - dash)
makes the next line a continuation of the current line. Other than that,
the character following the \ identifies what the thing is:
% A user-defined simple (scalar) variable
& an array reference
$ an environment variable
v (or V) a built-in variable
f (or F) a function
d (or D) a decimal (base 10) number
o (or O) an octal (base 8) number
x (or X) a hexadecimal (base 16) number
\ the backslash character itself
b (or B) the BREAK signal (OUTPUT command only)
a decimal digit (a 1-3 digit decimal number)
anything else: following character taken literally.
Note that numbers turn into the character with that binary code, so you
can use \7 for a bell, or \13 for a carriage return.
COMMANDS
You can use upper or lower case for commands. Either one will work (but
remember that Unix filenames are case-sensitive). Also, you can
abbreviate commands as long as the abbreviation matches only one
possibility. This is a summary of C-Kermit's commands. For more
information on each, look in the user manual, or online in
/usr/dell/kermit/doc/kermit.doc, or type HELP and then the command name.
; Introduce a full-line or trailing comment (also #).
! Run a system command or enter system command interpreter.
ASK Prompt the user, store user's reply in a variable.
ASKQ Like ASK, but, but doesn't echo (useful for passwords).
ASSIGN Assign an evaluated string to a variable or macro.
BYE Terminate and log out a remote Kermit server.
CD Change Working Directory (also, CWD).
CLEAR Clear communication device input buffer.
CLOSE Close a log or other local file.
COMMENT Introduce a full-line comment.
CONNECT Establish a terminal connection to a remote computer.
DECLARE Declare an array.
DECREMENT Subtract one (or other number) from a variable.
DEFINE Define a variable or macro.
DELETE Delete a file or files.
DIAL Dial a telephone number.
DIRECTORY Display a directory listing.
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DISABLE Disallow access to selected features during server operation.
DO Execute a macro.
ECHO Display text on the screen.
ENABLE Allow access to selected features during server operation.
END A command file or macro.
EXIT Exit from the program, closing all open files and devices.
FINISH Instruct a remote Kermit server to exit, but not log out.
FOR Execute commands repeatedly in a counted loop.
GET Get files from a remote Kermit server.
GOTO Go to a labeled command in a command file or macro.
HANGUP Hang up the phone or network connection.
HELP Display a help message for a given command.
IF Conditionally execute the following command.
INCREMENT Add one (or other number) to a variable.
INPUT Match characters from another computer against a given text.
LOG Open a log file -- debugging, packet, session, transaction.
MAIL Send a file as electronic mail to a specified address.
OPEN Open a local file for reading or writing.
OUTPUT Send text to another computer.
PAUSE Do nothing for a given number of seconds.
PUSH Invoke host system interactive command interpreter.
PWD Display current working device/directory.
QUIT Same as EXIT.
READ Read a line from a local file.
RECEIVE Passively wait for files to arrive.
REINPUT Reexamine text previously received from another computer.
REMOTE Issue file management commands to a remote Kermit server.
RENAME Change the name of a file.
RETURN Return from a user-defined function.
RUN Run a program or system command.
SCRIPT Execute a UUCP-style login script.
SEND Send files.
SERVER Begin server operation.
SET Set various parameters.
SHOW Display values of SET parameters.
SPACE Display current disk space usage.
STATISTICS Display statistics about most recent transaction.
STOP Stop executing macro or command file, return to prompt.
TAKE Execute commands from a file.
TRANLATE Translate a file's character set.
TRANSMIT Upload a file with no error checking.
TYPE Display a file on the screen.
VERSION Display the program version number on the screen.
WAIT Wait for the specified modem signals.
WHILE Execute commands repeatedly while a condition is true.
WRITE Write text to a local file.
XIF Extended IF command.
PARAMETERS YOU CAN SET
Here are the parameters you can change with the SET command. Note that
some of these parameters require further specification. E.g. there are
several RECEIVE parameters. So commands using SET RECEIVE look like "SET
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RECEIVE PACKET-LENGTH 1000". For parameters like that, the possible
second words are listed below them.
ATTRIBUTES Turn Attribute packet processing on or off.
BLOCKSIZE, CHARACTER-SET, DATE, DISPOSITION,
LENGTH, OS-SPECIFIC, SYSTEM-ID, ALL
BLOCK-CHECK Level of packet error detection.
BUFFERS Size of send and receive packet buffers.
CARRIER Treatment of carrier on terminal connections.
COUNT For counted loops.
DEBUG Log or display debugging information.
DELAY How long to wait before sending first packet.
DUPLEX Specify which side echoes during CONNECT.
ESCAPE Prefix for "escape commands" during CONNECT.
FILE Set various file parameters.
BLOCKSIZE, CARRIAGE-CONTROL, CHARACTER-SET,
COLLISION, DISPLAY, FORMAT, NAMES, ORGANIZATION,
RECORD-LENGTH, TYPE, WARNING
FLOW-CONTROL Communication line full-duplex flow control.
HANDSHAKE Communication line half-duplex turnaround character.
HOST Specify network host name.
INCOMPLETE Disposition for incompletely received files.
INPUT Control behavior of INPUT command.
LANGUAGE Enable language-specific character-set translations.
LINE Communication line device name.
MACRO Control aspects of macro execution.
MODEM-DIALER Type of modem-dialer on communication line.
PARITY Communication line character parity.
PROMPT The C-Kermit program's interactive command prompt.
RECEIVE Parameters for inbound packets.
END-OF-PACKET, PACKET-LENGTH, PAD-CHARACTER, PADDING
START-OF-PACKET, TIMEOUT
RETRY Packet retransmission limit.
SEND Parameters for outbound packets.
See RECEIVE for subparameters. Normally you set only
RECEIVE parameters. SEND parameters come automatically
from the Kermit on the other end.
SERVER Parameters for server operation.
TIMEOUT
SESSION-LOG File type for session log, text or binary.
SPEED Communication line speed, e.g. 2400, 9600.
TAKE Control aspects of TAKE file execution.
TERMINAL Terminal parameters.
BYTESIZE
TRANSFER File transfer parameters.
CHARACTER-SET
TRANSMIT Control aspects of TRANSMIT command execution.
FILL, LINEFEED, PROMPT
UNKNOWN Specify handling of unknown character sets.
WINDOW File transfer packet window size.
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SCRIPT SYNTAX
SCRIPT is a brief method for specifying a dialog between your system and
another one. There is also a general purpose script programming language
described below. The SCRIPT command can be used for dialing, logging in,
etc. The syntax consists of strings separated by spaces. The syntax is
SCRIPT expect send [expect send] . . .
Kermit waits until it sees the expect string, and then sends the send
string. If there are several pairs, it waits for each expect string, and
then sends the send string. (To specify a null expect string, i.e. to
tell Kermit not to wait, use ~0 as the expect string.) It normally waits
up to 15 seconds for each expect string. However ~w can be used to
redefine this time. If the expect string does not arrive, the script
fails at that point. If you want to be able to do something about
failure, you can use conditional strings, of the form
-send-expect[-send-expect[...]]
You can think of this as giving a list of things to try. The first time
one succeeds (i.e. an expected string arrives), it is finished. At that
point Kermit skips to the end of the dashed sequence. If an expect
fails, Kermit simply proceeds with the next send in the dashed sequence.
Within the strings, some special sequences can be used:
~b backspace
~s space
~q `?'(trapped by Kermit's command interpreter)
~n linefeed
~r carriage return
~t tab
~' single quote
~~ tilde
~" double quote
~x XON (Control-Q)
~c don't append a carriage return
~o[o[o]] octal representation of an ASCII character code
~d delay approx 1/3 second during send
~w[d[d]] set wait for next expect to DD seconds
Kermit sends a carriage return after each of the send-strings unless the
string has a ~c.
MACROS AND VARIABLES
C-Kermit allows macros and variables. A macro is a command that you
define, composed of one or more other C-Kermit commands. A typical macro
is a list of Kermit commands, separated by commas. For example:
define sun set speed 9600, set parity none, set duplex full,-
set flow xon/xoff
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You call a macro by using its name, just like normal commands. You can
also call them using the DO command. If you have given the DEFINE
command above (or have it in your .kermrc file), then you can type SUN or
DO SUN to execute all the commands in the definition.
C-Kermit also lets you define variables. Normal variables look like \%i,
where i is a single letter. The alphabetic case doesn't matter. \%a and
\%A are the same. Like macros, they are defined by DEFINE or ASSIGN.
All values are strings. DEFINE gives a variable a fixed value. ASSIGN
computes a value and assigns it to the variable. To see the difference,
look at
def \%a Monday
def \%b Today is \%a
assign \%c Today is \%a
def \%a Tuesday
echo \%b
echo \%c
This will print "Today is Tuesday" then "Today is Monday". The
difference is that when defining \%c, the \%a is evaluated at the time of
the definition, whereas when defining \%b, the variable name \%a itself
is put in the definition. It isn't evaluated until the echo \%b.
There are also arrays, which use \& instead of \%. They are declared by
DECLARE, e.g. DECLARE \&A[100]. Elements are referenced with subscripts,
which may themselves be variables, and act like simple variables, e.g.
DEFINE \&A[3] Tuesday
You can destroy the array by making it zero size, DECLARE \&A[0]. The
first element of an array is [1].
Macros have normal names. No \. You call them by using the name like a
command. If you put additional words on the same line as the macro
invocation, they become arguments. Inside the macro, you can refer to
the arguments as \%1, \%2, etc. For example:
C-Kermit>define bsend set file type binary, send \%1
C-Kermit>define tsend set file type text, send \%1
C-Kermit>bsend kermit
C-Kermit>tsend kermit.doc
The number of arguments supplied can be referred to as \v(argc). If you
call another macro from a macro, the new one gets its own set of
arguments, which do not interfere with the previous set.
There are a number of built-in variables, which are referred to by
\v(name). They cannot be changed. Type SHOW VARIABLES for a complete
list.
\v(argc) number of arguments in current macro
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\v(args) number of program command-line arguments
\v(count) current COUNT value
\v(date) date as 8 Feb 1991
\v(directory) current/default directory
\v(filespec) filespec given in most recent SEND/REC/GET command
\v(home) home directory
\v(host) computer host name
\v(input) current INPUT buffer contents
\v(line) current communications device, set by LINE or HOST
\v(ndate) date as 19910208 (yyyymmdd)
\v(platform) Specific machine and/or operating system
\v(program) Name of this program ("C-Kermit")
\v(return) Most recent RETURN value
\v(speed) Current speed, if known, or "unknown"
\v(status) 0 or 1 (SUCCESS or FAILURE of previous command)
\v(system) UNIX or VMS
\v(time) time as 13:45:23 (hh:mm:ss)
\v(version) numeric version of Kermit
There are builtin functions, invoked as \Fname. Type SHOW FUNCTIONS for
a complete list.
\Fliteral(arg) copy argument literally, no evaluation
\Fcharacter(arg) convert numeric arg to character
\Fsubstr(a1,a2,a3) substring of a1, starts at a2, length a3
\Flower(arg) convert to lower case
\Fupper(arg) convert to upper case
\Freverse(arg) reverse character in arg
\Frepeat(a1,a2) repeat a1 a2 times
\Flpad(text,n,c) left pad text to length n with char c
\Frpad(text,n,c) right pad text to length n with char c
\Fvalue() value of most recent RETURN
\Fexecute(m a) execute macro "m" with parameters "a"
\Fcontents(v) return current definition of variable
\Fdefinition(m) return current definition of macro
\Flength(arg) return the length of the string "arg"
\Findex(a1,a2,a3) position of a2 in string a1, starting at pos a3
\Ffiles(f) number of files matching file spec
\Fnextfile() next file name from list in last \Ffiles
\Fmax(a1,a2) max of two numbers
\Fmin(a1,a2) min of two numbers
\Fmod(a1,a2) a1 mod a2
\Feval(expr) evaluate arithmetic expression
Eval allows the following operators in the expression. The expression
can use variables with \%. Precedences are shown
() 1
n ! 2 factorial
~ n 3 logical NOT
- n 4 negative
n ^ n 4 power
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n * n 5 times
n / n 5 division
n % n 5 modulus
n & n 5 logical AND
n + n 6 plus
n - n 6 minus
n | n 6 logical OR
n # n 6 exclusion OR
n @ n 6 greatest common divisor
OPTIONS AND COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Typically you run Kermit without any arguments, and use a combination of
the command line. This is normally used for scripts. In this case,
Kermit is invoked as follows:
kermit [-x arg [-x arg]...[-yyy]..]]
-x is an option requiring an argument,
-y an option with no argument.
actions:
-s files send files
-s - send files from stdin
-r receive files
-k receive files to stdout
-x enter server mode
-f finish remote server
-g files get remote files from server (quote wildcards)
-a name alternate file name, used with -s, -r, -g
-c connect (before file transfer), used with -l and -b
-n connect (after file transfer), used with -l and -b
settings:
-l line communication line device
-j host network host name
-q quiet during file transfer
-i binary file transfer
-b bps line speed, e.g. 1200
-m name modem type
-p x parity, x = e,o,m,s, or n
-t half duplex, xon handshake
-e n receive packet length
-v n window size
-y name alternate init file name
-w don't write over files
-d log debug info to debug.log
If no action command is included, enter interactive dialog.
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FILES
$HOME/.kermrc Kermit initialization commands
./.kermrc more Kermit initialization commands
AUTHORS
Frank da Cruz, Columbia University, with contributions from hundreds of
other volunteer programmers all over the world; "man page" courtesy of
Charles Hedrick, Rutgers University.
SEE ALSO
cu(1C), uucp(1C)
Christine Gianone and Frank da Cruz,
C-Kermit User's Guide, version 5A, Columbia University (January
1991)
The file /usr/dell/kermit/doc/kermit.doc
Frank da Cruz,
Kermit, A File Transfer Protocol, Digital Press (1987)
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by Kermit itself are intended to be self-
explanatory.
BUGS
See recent issues of the Info-Kermit digest (on BITNET/EARN, the
Internet, or the comp.protocols.kermit newsgroup on Usenet) for
discussion, or the file /usr/dell/kermit/doc/kermit.bwr (distributed as
ckuker.bwr), for a list of bugs. Report bugs via e-mail to Info-Kermit-
Request@columbia.edu or KERMIT@CUVMA.BITNET.
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