XTERM(1) X Version 11(Release 5) XTERM(1)
NAME
xterm - terminal emulator for X
SYNOPSIS
xterm [-toolkitoption ...] [-option ...]
DESCRIPTION
The xterm program is a terminal emulator for the X Window System. It
provides DEC VT102 and Tektronix 4014 compatible terminals for programs
that can't use the window system directly. If the underlying operating
system supports terminal resizing capabilities (for example, the SIGWINCH
signal in systems derived from 4.3bsd), xterm will use the facilities to
notify programs running in the window whenever it is resized.
The VT102 and Tektronix 4014 terminals each have their own window so that
you can edit text in one and look at graphics in the other at the same
time. To maintain the correct aspect ratio (height/width), Tektronix
graphics will be restricted to the largest box with a 4014's aspect ratio
that will fit in the window. This box is located in the upper left area
of the window.
Although both windows may be displayed at the same time, one of them is
considered the ``active'' window for receiving keyboard input and
terminal output. This is the window that contains the text cursor. The
active window can be chosen through escape sequences, the ``VT Options''
menu in the VT102 window, and the ``Tek Options'' menu in the 4014
window.
EMULATIONS
The VT102 emulation is fairly complete, but does not support the blinking
character attribute nor the double-wide and double-size character sets.
Termcap(5) entries that work with xterm include ``xterm,'' ``vt102,''
``vt100'' and ``ansi,'' and xterm automatically searches the termcap file
in this order for these entries and then sets the ``TERM'' and the
``TERMCAP'' environment variables.
Many of the special xterm features (like logging) may be modified under
program control through a set of escape sequences different from the
standard VT102 escape sequences. (See the Xterm Control Sequences
document.)
The Tektronix 4014 emulation is also fairly good. Four different font
sizes and five different lines types are supported. The Tektronix text
and graphics commands are recorded internally by xterm and may be written
to a file by sending the COPY escape sequence (or through the Tektronix
menu; see below). The name of the file will be
``COPYyy-MM-dd.hh:mm:ss'', where yy, MM, dd, hh, mm and ss are the year,
month, day, hour, minute and second when the COPY was performed (the file
is created in the directory xterm is started in, or the home directory
for a login xterm).
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OTHER FEATURES
Xterm automatically highlights the text cursor when the pointer enters
the window (selected) and unhighlights it when the pointer leaves the
window (unselected). If the window is the focus window, then the text
cursor is highlighted no matter where the pointer is.
In VT102 mode, there are escape sequences to activate and deactivate an
alternate screen buffer, which is the same size as the display area of
the window. When activated, the current screen is saved and replaced
with the alternate screen. Saving of lines scrolled off the top of the
window is disabled until the normal screen is restored. The termcap(5)
entry for xterm allows the visual editor vi(1) to switch to the alternate
screen for editing and to restore the screen on exit.
In either VT102 or Tektronix mode, there are escape sequences to change
the name of the windows and to specify a new log file name. See Xterm
Control Sequences for details. Enabling the escape sequence to change
the log file name is a compile-time option; by default this escape
sequence is ignored for security reasons.
OPTIONS
The xterm terminal emulator accepts all of the standard X Toolkit command
line options as well as the following (if the option begins with a `+'
instead of a `-', the option is restored to its default value):
-help This causes xterm to print out a verbose message describing its
options.
-132 Normally, the VT102 DECCOLM escape sequence that switches between
80 and 132 column mode is ignored. This option causes the
DECCOLM escape sequence to be recognized, and the xterm window
will resize appropriately.
-ah This option indicates that xterm should always highlight the text
cursor. By default, xterm will display a hollow text cursor
whenever the focus is lost or the pointer leaves the window.
+ah This option indicates that xterm should do text cursor
highlighting based on focus.
-b number
This option specifies the size of the inner border (the distance
between the outer edge of the characters and the window border)
in pixels. The default is 2.
-cb Set the vt100 resource cutToBeginningOfLine to FALSE.
+cb Set the vt100 resource cutToBeginningOfLine to TRUE.
-cc characterclassrange:value[,...]
This sets classes indicated by the given ranges for using in
selecting by words. See the section specifying character
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classes.
-cn This option indicates that newlines should not be cut in line-
mode selections.
+cn This option indicates that newlines should be cut in line-mode
selections.
-cr color
This option specifies the color to use for text cursor. The
default is to use the same foreground color that is used for
text.
-cu This option indicates that xterm should work around a bug in the
curses(3x) cursor motion package that causes the more(1) program
to display lines that are exactly the width of the window and are
followed by a line beginning with a tab to be displayed
incorrectly (the leading tabs are not displayed).
+cu This option indicates that that xterm should not work around the
curses(3x) bug mentioned above.
-e program [arguments ...]
This option specifies the program (and its command line
arguments) to be run in the xterm window. It also sets the
window title and icon name to be the basename of the program
being executed if neither -T nor -n are given on the command
line. This must be the last option on the command line.
-fb font
This option specifies a font to be used when displaying bold
text. This font must be the same height and width as the normal
font. If only one of the normal or bold fonts is specified, it
will be used as the normal font and the bold font will be
produced by overstriking this font. The default is to do
overstriking of the normal font.
-im Turn on the useInsertMode resource.
+im Turn off the useInsertMode resource.
-j This option indicates that xterm should do jump scrolling.
Normally, text is scrolled one line at a time; this option allows
xterm to move multiple lines at a time so that it doesn't fall as
far behind. Its use is strongly recommended since it make xterm
much faster when scanning through large amounts of text. The
VT100 escape sequences for enabling and disabling smooth scroll
as well as the ``VT Options'' menu can be used to turn this
feature on or off.
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+j This option indicates that xterm should not do jump scrolling.
-l This option indicates that xterm should send all terminal output
to a log file as well as to the screen. This option can be
enabled or disabled using the ``VT Options'' menu.
+l This option indicates that xterm should not do logging.
-lf filename
This option specifies the name of the file to which the output
log described above is written. If file begins with a pipe
symbol (|), the rest of the string is assumed to be a command to
be used as the endpoint of a pipe. The ability to log to a pipe
is a compile-time option which is disabled by default for
security reasons. The default filename is ``XtermLog.XXXXX''
(where XXXXX is the process id of xterm) and is created in the
directory from which xterm was started (or the user's home
directory in the case of a login window).
-ls This option indicates that the shell that is started in the xterm
window be a login shell (i.e. the first character of argv[0] will
be a dash, indicating to the shell that it should read the user's
.login or .profile).
+ls This option indicates that the shell that is started should not
be a login shell (i.e. it will be a normal ``subshell'').
-mb This option indicates that xterm should ring a margin bell when
the user types near the right end of a line. This option can be
turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu.
+mb This option indicates that margin bell should not be rung.
-mc milliseconds
This option specifies the maximum time between multi-click
selections.
-ms color
This option specifies the color to be used for the pointer
cursor. The default is to use the foreground color.
-nb number
This option specifies the number of characters from the right end
of a line at which the margin bell, if enabled, will ring. The
default is 10.
-rw This option indicates that reverse-wraparound should be allowed.
This allows the cursor to back up from the leftmost column of one
line to the rightmost column of the previous line. This is very
useful for editing long shell command lines and is encouraged.
This option can be turned on and off from the ``VT Options''
menu.
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+rw This option indicates that reverse-wraparound should not be
allowed.
-aw This option indicates that auto-wraparound should be allowed.
This allows the cursor to automatically wrap to the beginning of
the next line when when it is at the rightmost position of a line
and text is output.
+aw This option indicates that auto-wraparound should not be allowed.
-s This option indicates that xterm may scroll asynchronously,
meaning that the screen does not have to be kept completely up to
date while scrolling. This allows xterm to run faster when
network latencies are very high and is typically useful when
running across a very large internet or many gateways.
+s This option indicates that xterm should scroll synchronously.
-sb This option indicates that some number of lines that are scrolled
off the top of the window should be saved and that a scrollbar
should be displayed so that those lines can be viewed. This
option may be turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu.
+sb This option indicates that a scrollbar should not be displayed.
-sf This option indicates that Sun Function Key escape codes should
be generated for function keys.
+sf This option indicates that the standard escape codes should be
generated for function keys.
-si This option indicates that output to a window should not
automatically reposition the screen to the bottom of the
scrolling region. This option can be turned on and off from the
``VT Options'' menu.
+si This option indicates that output to a window should cause it to
scroll to the bottom.
-sk This option indicates that pressing a key while using the
scrollbar to review previous lines of text should cause the
window to be repositioned automatically in the normal position at
the bottom of the scroll region.
+sk This option indicates that pressing a key while using the
scrollbar should not cause the window to be repositioned.
-sl number
This option specifies the number of lines to save that have been
scrolled off the top of the screen. The default is 64.
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-t This option indicates that xterm should start in Tektronix mode,
rather than in VT102 mode. Switching between the two windows is
done using the ``Options'' menus.
+t This option indicates that xterm should start in VT102 mode.
-tm string
This option specifies a series of terminal setting keywords
followed by the characters that should be bound to those
functions, similar to the stty program. Allowable keywords
include: intr, quit, erase, kill, eof, eol, swtch, start, stop,
brk, susp, dsusp, rprnt, flush, weras, and lnext. Control
characters may be specified as ^char (e.g. ^c or ^u) and ^? may
be used to indicate delete.
-tn name
This option specifies the name of the terminal type to be set in
the TERM environment variable. This terminal type must exist in
the termcap(5) database and should have li# and co# entries.
-ut This option indicates that xterm shouldn't write a record into
the the system log file /etc/utmp.
+ut This option indicates that xterm should write a record into the
system log file /etc/utmp.
-vb This option indicates that a visual bell is preferred over an
audible one. Instead of ringing the terminal bell whenever a
Control-G is received, the window will be flashed.
+vb This option indicates that a visual bell should not be used.
-wf This option indicates that xterm should wait for the window to be
mapped the first time before starting the subprocess so that the
initial terminal size settings and environment variables are
correct. It is the application's responsibility to catch
subsequent terminal size changes.
+wf This option indicates that xterm show not wait before starting
the subprocess.
-C This option indicates that this window should receive console
output. This is not supported on all systems. To obtain console
output, you must be the owner of the console device, and you must
have read and write permission for it. If you are running X
under xdm on the console screen you may need to have the session
startup and reset programs explicitly change the ownership of the
console device in order to get this option to work.
-Sccn This option specifies the last two letters of the name of a
pseudoterminal to use in slave mode, plus the number of the
inherited file descriptor. The option is parsed ``%c%c%d''.
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This allows xterm to be used as an input and output channel for
an existing program and is sometimes used in specialized
applications.
The following command line arguments are provided for compatibility with
older versions. They may not be supported in the next release as the X
Toolkit provides standard options that accomplish the same task.
%geom This option specifies the preferred size and position of the
Tektronix window. It is shorthand for specifying the
``*tekGeometry'' resource.
#geom This option specifies the preferred position of the icon window.
It is shorthand for specifying the ``*iconGeometry'' resource.
-T string
This option specifies the title for xterm's windows. It is
equivalent to -title.
-n string
This option specifies the icon name for xterm's windows. It is
shorthand for specifying the ``*iconName'' resource. Note that
this is not the same as the toolkit option -name (see below).
The default icon name is the application name.
-r This option indicates that reverse video should be simulated by
swapping the foreground and background colors. It is equivalent
to -rv.
-w number
This option specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding the window. It is equivalent to -borderwidth or -bw.
The following standard X Toolkit command line arguments are commonly used
with xterm:
-bg color
This option specifies the color to use for the background of the
window. The default is ``white.''
-bd color
This option specifies the color to use for the border of the
window. The default is ``black.''
-bw number
This option specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding the window.
-fg color
This option specifies the color to use for displaying text. The
default is ``black.''
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-fn font
This option specifies the font to be used for displaying normal
text. The default is fixed.
-name name
This option specifies the application name under which resources
are to be obtained, rather than the default executable file name.
Name should not contain ``.'' or ``*'' characters.
-title string
This option specifies the window title string, which may be
displayed by window managers if the user so chooses. The default
title is the command line specified after the -e option, if any,
otherwise the application name.
-rv This option indicates that reverse video should be simulated by
swapping the foreground and background colors.
-geometry geometry
This option specifies the preferred size and position of the
VT102 window; see X(1).
-display display
This option specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).
-xrm resourcestring
This option specifies a resource string to be used. This is
especially useful for setting resources that do not have separate
command line options.
-iconic This option indicates that xterm should ask the window manager to
start it as an icon rather than as the normal window.
RESOURCES
The program understands all of the core X Toolkit resource names and
classes as well as:
iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when
iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.
iconName (class IconName)
Specifies the icon name. The default is the application name.
termName (class TermName)
Specifies the terminal type name to be set in the TERM
environment variable.
title (class Title)
Specifies a string that may be used by the window manager when
displaying this application.
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ttyModes (class TtyModes)
Specifies a string containing terminal setting keywords and the
characters to which they may be bound. Allowable keywords
include: intr, quit, erase, kill, eof, eol, swtch, start, stop,
brk, susp, dsusp, rprnt, flush, weras, and lnext. Control
characters may be specified as ^char (e.g. ^c or ^u) and ^? may
be used to indicate Delete. This is very useful for overriding
the default terminal settings without having to do an stty every
time an xterm is started.
useInsertMode (class UseInsertMode)
Force use of insert mode by adding appropriate entries to the
TERMCAP environment variable. This is useful if the system
termcap is broken. The default is ``false.''
utmpInhibit (class UtmpInhibit)
Specifies whether or not xterm should try to record the user's
terminal in /etc/utmp.
sunFunctionKeys (class SunFunctionKeys)
Specifies whether or not Sun Function Key escape codes should be
generated for function keys instead of standard escape sequences.
waitForMap (class WaitForMap)
Specifies whether or not xterm should wait for the initial window
map before starting the subprocess. The default is ``false.''
The following resources are specified as part of the vt100 widget (class
VT100):
allowSendEvents (class AllowSendEvents)
Specifies whether or not synthetic key and button events
(generated using the X protocol SendEvent request) should be
interpreted or discarded. The default is ``false'' meaning they
are discarded. Note that allowing such events creates a very
large security hole.
alwaysHighlight (class AlwaysHighlight)
Specifies whether or not xterm should always display a
highlighted text cursor. By default, a hollow text cursor is
displayed whenever the pointer moves out of the window or the
window loses the input focus.
appcursorDefault (class AppcursorDefault)
If ``true,'' the cursor keys are initially in application mode.
The default is ``false.''
appkeypadDefault (class AppkeypadDefault)
If ``true,'' the keypad keys are initially in application mode.
The default is ``false.''
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autoWrap (class AutoWrap)
Specifies whether or not auto-wraparound should be enabled. The
default is ``true.''
bellSuppressTime (class BellSuppressTime)
Number of milliseconds after a bell command is sent during which
additional bells will be suppressed. Default is 200. If set
non-zero, additional bells will also be suppressed until the
server reports that processing of the first bell has been
completed; this feature is most useful with the visible bell.
boldFont (class BoldFont)
Specifies the name of the bold font to use instead of
overstriking.
c132 (class C132)
Specifies whether or not the VT102 DECCOLM escape sequence should
be honored. The default is ``false.''
cutNewline (class CutNewline)
If false, triple clicking to select a line does not include the
Newline at the end of the line. If true, the Newline is
selected. The default is ``true.''
cutToBeginningOfLine (class CutToBeginningOfLine)
If false, triple clicking to select a line selects only from the
current word forward. If true, the entire line is selected. The
default is ``true.''
charClass (class CharClass)
Specifies comma-separated lists of character class bindings of
the form [low-]high:value. These are used in determining which
sets of characters should be treated the same when doing cut and
paste. See the section on specifying character classes.
curses (class Curses)
Specifies whether or not the last column bug in curses(3x) should
be worked around. The default is ``false.''
background (class Background)
Specifies the color to use for the background of the window. The
default is ``white.''
foreground (class Foreground)
Specifies the color to use for displaying text in the window.
Setting the class name instead of the instance name is an easy
way to have everything that would normally appear in the text
color change color. The default is ``black.''
cursorColor (class Foreground)
Specifies the color to use for the text cursor. The default is
``black.''
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eightBitInput (class EightBitInput)
If true, Meta characters input from the keyboard are presented as
a single character with the eighth bit turned on. If false, Meta
characters are converted into a two-character sequence with the
character itself preceded by ESC. The default is ``true.''
eightBitOutput (class EightBitOutput)
Specifies whether or not eight-bit characters sent from the host
should be accepted as is or stripped when printed. The default
is ``true.''
font (class Font)
Specifies the name of the normal font. The default is ``fixed.''
font1 (class Font1)
Specifies the name of the first alternative font.
font2 (class Font2)
Specifies the name of the second alternative font.
font3 (class Font3)
Specifies the name of the third alternative font.
font4 (class Font4)
Specifies the name of the fourth alternative font.
font5 (class Font5)
Specifies the name of the fifth alternative font.
font6 (class Font6)
Specifies the name of the sixth alternative font.
geometry (class Geometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the VT102 window.
internalBorder (class BorderWidth)
Specifies the number of pixels between the characters and the
window border. The default is 2.
jumpScroll (class JumpScroll)
Specifies whether or not jump scroll should be used. The default
is ``true.''
logFile (class Logfile)
Specifies the name of the file to which a terminal session is
logged. The default is ``XtermLog.XXXXX'' (where XXXXX is the
process id of xterm).
logging (class Logging)
Specifies whether or not a terminal session should be logged.
The default is ``false.''
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logInhibit (class LogInhibit)
Specifies whether or not terminal session logging should be
inhibited. The default is ``false.''
loginShell (class LoginShell)
Specifies whether or not the shell to be run in the window should
be started as a login shell. The default is ``false.''
marginBell (class MarginBell)
Specifies whether or not the bell should be run when the user
types near the right margin. The default is ``false.''
multiClickTime (class MultiClickTime)
Specifies the maximum time in milliseconds between multi-click
select events. The default is 250 milliseconds.
multiScroll (class MultiScroll)
Specifies whether or not scrolling should be done asynchronously.
The default is ``false.''
nMarginBell (class Column)
Specifies the number of characters from the right margin at which
the margin bell should be rung, when enabled.
pointerColor (class Foreground)
Specifies the foreground color of the pointer. The default is
``XtDefaultForeground.''
pointerColorBackground (class Background)
Specifies the background color of the pointer. The default is
``XtDefaultBackground.''
pointerShape (class Cursor)
Specifies the name of the shape of the pointer. The default is
``xterm.''
resizeGravity (class ResizeGravity)
Affects the behavior when the window is resized to be taller or
shorter. NorthWest specifies that the top line of text on the
screen stay fixed. If the window is made shorter, lines are
dropped from the bottom; if the window is made taller, blank
lines are added at the bottom. This is compatible with the
behavior in R4. SouthWest (the default) specifies that the
bottom line of text on the screen stay fixed. If the window is
made taller, additional saved lines will be scrolled down onto
the screen; if the window is made shorter, lines will be scrolled
off the top of the screen, and the top saved lines will be
dropped.
reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo)
Specifies whether or not reverse video should be simulated. The
default is ``false.''
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reverseWrap (class ReverseWrap)
Specifies whether or not reverse-wraparound should be enabled.
The default is ``false.''
saveLines (class SaveLines)
Specifies the number of lines to save beyond the top of the
screen when a scrollbar is turned on. The default is 64.
scrollBar (class ScrollBar)
Specifies whether or not the scrollbar should be displayed. The
default is ``false.''
scrollTtyOutput (class ScrollCond)
Specifies whether or not output to the terminal should
automatically cause the scrollbar to go to the bottom of the
scrolling region. The default is ``true.''
scrollKey (class ScrollCond)
Specifies whether or not pressing a key should automatically
cause the scrollbar to go to the bottom of the scrolling region.
The default is ``false.''
scrollLines (class ScrollLines)
Specifies the number of lines that the scroll-back and scroll-
forw actions should use as a default. The default value is 1.
signalInhibit (class SignalInhibit)
Specifies whether or not the entries in the ``Main Options'' menu
for sending signals to xterm should be disallowed. The default
is ``false.''
tekGeometry (class Geometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the Tektronix
window.
tekInhibit (class TekInhibit)
Specifies whether or not Tektronix mode should be disallowed.
The default is ``false.''
tekSmall (class TekSmall)
Specifies whether or not the Tektronix mode window should start
in its smallest size if no explicit geometry is given. This is
useful when running xterm on displays with small screens. The
default is ``false.''
tekStartup (class TekStartup)
Specifies whether or not xterm should start up in Tektronix mode.
The default is ``false.''
titeInhibit (class TiteInhibit)
Specifies whether or not xterm should remove remove ti and te
termcap entries (used to switch between alternate screens on
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startup of many screen-oriented programs) from the TERMCAP
string. If set, xterm also ignores the escape sequence to switch
to the alternate screen.
translations (class Translations)
Specifies the key and button bindings for menus, selections,
``programmed strings,'' etc. See ACTIONS below.
visualBell (class VisualBell)
Specifies whether or not a visible bell (i.e. flashing) should be
used instead of an audible bell when Control-G is received. The
default is ``false.''
The following resources are specified as part of the tek4014 widget
(class Tek4014):
width (class Width)
Specifies the width of the Tektronix window in pixels.
height (class Height)
Specifies the height of the Tektronix window in pixels.
fontLarge (class Font)
Specifies the large font to use in the Tektronix window.
font2 (class Font)
Specifies font number 2 to use in the Tektronix window.
font3 (class Font)
Specifies font number 3 to use in the Tektronix window.
fontSmall (class Font)
Specifies the small font to use in the Tektronix window.
initialFont (class InitialFont)
Specifies which of the four Tektronix fonts to use initially.
Values are the same as for the set-tek-text action. The default
is ``large.''
ginTerminator (class GinTerminator)
Specifies what character(s) should follow a GIN report or status
report. The possibilities are ``none,'' which sends no
terminating characters, ``CRonly,'' which sends CR, and
``CR&EOT,'' which sends both CR and EOT. The default is
``none.''
The resources that may be specified for the various menus are described
in the documentation for the Athena SimpleMenu widget. The name and
classes of the entries in each of the menus are listed below.
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The mainMenu has the following entries:
securekbd (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the secure() action.
allowsends (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the allow-send-events(toggle) action.
logging (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-logging(toggle) action.
redraw (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the redraw() action.
line1 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
suspend (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(tstp) action on systems that
support job control.
continue (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(cont) action on systems that
support job control.
interrupt (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(int) action.
hangup (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(hup) action.
terminate (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(term) action.
kill (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the send-signal(kill) action.
line2 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
quit (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the quit() action.
The vtMenu has the following entries:
scrollbar (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-scrollbar(toggle) action.
jumpscroll (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-jumpscroll(toggle) action.
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reversevideo (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-reverse-video(toggle) action.
autowrap (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-autowrap(toggle) action.
reversewrap (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-reversewrap(toggle) action.
autolinefeed (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-autolinefeed(toggle) action.
appcursor (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-appcursor(toggle) action.
appkeypad (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-appkeypad(toggle) action.
scrollkey (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-scroll-on-key(toggle) action.
scrollttyoutput (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-scroll-on-tty-output(toggle) action.
allow132 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-allow132(toggle) action.
cursesemul (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-cursesemul(toggle) action.
visualbell (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-visualbell(toggle) action.
marginbell (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-marginbell(toggle) action.
altscreen (class SmeBSB)
This entry is currently disabled.
line1 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
softreset (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the soft-reset() action.
hardreset (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the hard-reset() action.
clearsavedlines (class SmeBSB)" " " "
This entry invokes the clear-saved-lines() action.
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line2 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
tekshow (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-visibility(tek,toggle) action.
tekmode (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-terminal-type(tek) action.
vthide (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-visibility(vt,off) action.
The fontMenu has the following entries:
fontdefault (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(d) action.
font1 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(1) action.
font2 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(2) action.
font3 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(3) action.
font4 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(4) action.
font5 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(5) action.
font6 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(6) action.
fontescape (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(e) action.
fontsel (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-vt-font(s) action.
The tekMenu has the following entries:
tektextlarge (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-tek-text(l) action.
tektext2 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-tek-text(2) action.
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tektext3 (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-tek-text(3) action.
tektextsmall (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-tek-text(s) action.
line1 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
tekpage (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the tek-page() action.
tekreset (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the tek-reset() action.
tekcopy (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the tek-copy() action.
line2 (class SmeLine)
This is a separator.
vtshow (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-visibility(vt,toggle) action.
vtmode (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-terminal-type(vt) action.
tekhide (class SmeBSB)
This entry invokes the set-visibility(tek,toggle) action.
The following resources are useful when specified for the Athena
Scrollbar widget:
thickness (class Thickness)
Specifies the width in pixels of the scrollbar.
background (class Background)
Specifies the color to use for the background of the scrollbar.
foreground (class Foreground)
Specifies the color to use for the foreground of the scrollbar.
The ``thumb'' of the scrollbar is a simple checkerboard pattern
alternating pixels for foreground and background color.
POINTER USAGE
Once the VT102 window is created, xterm allows you to select text and
copy it within the same or other windows.
The selection functions are invoked when the pointer buttons are used
with no modifiers, and when they are used with the ``shift'' key. The
assignment of the functions described below to keys and buttons may be
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changed through the resource database; see ACTIONS below.
Pointer button one (usually left) is used to save text into the cut
buffer. Move the cursor to beginning of the text, and then hold the
button down while moving the cursor to the end of the region and
releasing the button. The selected text is highlighted and is saved in
the global cut buffer and made the PRIMARY selection when the button is
released. Double-clicking selects by words. Triple-clicking selects by
lines. Quadruple-clicking goes back to characters, etc. Multiple-click
is determined by the time from button up to button down, so you can
change the selection unit in the middle of a selection. If the
key/button bindings specify that an X selection is to be made, xterm will
leave the selected text highlighted for as long as it is the selection
owner.
Pointer button two (usually middle) `types' (pastes) the text from the
PRIMARY selection, if any, otherwise from the cut buffer, inserting it as
keyboard input.
Pointer button three (usually right) extends the current selection.
(Without loss of generality, you can swap ``right'' and ``left''
everywhere in the rest of this paragraph.) If pressed while closer to
the right edge of the selection than the left, it extends/contracts the
right edge of the selection. If you contract the selection past the left
edge of the selection, xterm assumes you really meant the left edge,
restores the original selection, then extends/contracts the left edge of
the selection. Extension starts in the selection unit mode that the last
selection or extension was performed in; you can multiple-click to cycle
through them.
By cutting and pasting pieces of text without trailing new lines, you can
take text from several places in different windows and form a command to
the shell, for example, or take output from a program and insert it into
your favorite editor. Since the cut buffer is globally shared among
different applications, you should regard it as a `file' whose contents
you know. The terminal emulator and other text programs should be
treating it as if it were a text file, i.e., the text is delimited by new
lines.
The scroll region displays the position and amount of text currently
showing in the window (highlighted) relative to the amount of text
actually saved. As more text is saved (up to the maximum), the size of
the highlighted area decreases.
Clicking button one with the pointer in the scroll region moves the
adjacent line to the top of the display window.
Clicking button three moves the top line of the display window down to
the pointer position.
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Clicking button two moves the display to a position in the saved text
that corresponds to the pointer's position in the scrollbar.
Unlike the VT102 window, the Tektronix window dows not allow the copying
of text. It does allow Tektronix GIN mode, and in this mode the cursor
will change from an arrow to a cross. Pressing any key will send that
key and the current coordinate of the cross cursor. Pressing button one,
two, or three will return the letters `l', `m', and `r', respectively.
If the `shift' key is pressed when a pointer button is pressed, the
corresponding upper case letter is sent. To distinguish a pointer button
from a key, the high bit of the character is set (but this is bit is
normally stripped unless the terminal mode is RAW; see tty(4) for
details).
MENUS
Xterm has four menus, named mainMenu, vtMenu, fontMenu, and tekMenu.
Each menu pops up under the correct combinations of key and button
presses. Most menus are divided into two section, separated by a
horizontal line. The top portion contains various modes that can be
altered. A check mark appears next to a mode that is currently active.
Selecting one of these modes toggles its state. The bottom portion of
the menu are command entries; selecting one of these performs the
indicated function.
The xterm menu pops up when the ``control'' key and pointer button one
are pressed in a window. The mainMenu contains items that apply to both
the VT102 and Tektronix windows. The Secure Keyboard mode is be used
when typing in passwords or other sensitive data in an unsecure
environment; see SECURITY below. Notable entries in the command section
of the menu are the Continue, Suspend, Interrupt, Hangup, Terminate and
Kill which sends the SIGCONT, SIGTSTP, SIGINT, SIGHUP, SIGTERM and
SIGKILL signals, respectively, to the process group of the process
running under xterm (usually the shell). The Continue function is
especially useful if the user has accidentally typed CTRL-Z, suspending
the process.
The vtMenu sets various modes in the VT102 emulation, and is popped up
when the ``control'' key and pointer button two are pressed in the VT102
window. In the command section of this menu, the soft reset entry will
reset scroll regions. This can be convenient when some program has left
the scroll regions set incorrectly (often a problem when using VMS or
TOPS-20). The full reset entry will clear the screen, reset tabs to
every eight columns, and reset the terminal modes (such as wrap and
smooth scroll) to their initial states just after xterm has finished
processing the command line options.
The fontMenu sets the font used in the VT102 window. In addition to the
default font and a number of alternatives that are set with resources,
the menu offers the font last specified by the Set Font escape sequence
(see the document Xterm Control Sequences) and the current selection as a
font name (if the PRIMARY selection is owned).
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The tekMenu sets various modes in the Tektronix emulation, and is popped
up when the ``control'' key and pointer button two are pressed in the
Tektronix window. The current font size is checked in the modes section
of the menu. The PAGE entry in the command section clears the Tektronix
window.
SECURITY
X environments differ in their security consciousness. MIT servers, run
under xdm, are capable of using a ``magic cookie'' authorization scheme
that can provide a reasonable level of security for many people. If your
server is only using a host-based mechanism to control access to the
server (see xhost(1)), then if you enable access for a host and other
users are also permitted to run clients on that same host, there is every
possibility that someone can run an application that will use the basic
services of the X protocol to snoop on your activities, potentially
capturing a transcript of everything you type at the keyboard. This is
of particular concern when you want to type in a password or other
sensitive data. The best solution to this problem is to use a better
authorization mechanism that host-based control, but a simple mechanism
exists for protecting keyboard input in xterm.
The xterm menu (see MENUS above) contains a Secure Keyboard entry which,
when enabled, ensures that all keyboard input is directed only to xterm
(using the GrabKeyboard protocol request). When an application prompts
you for a password (or other sensitive data), you can enable Secure
Keyboard using the menu, type in the data, and then disable Secure
Keyboard using the menu again. Only one X client at a time can secure
the keyboard, so when you attempt to enable Secure Keyboard it may fail.
In this case, the bell will sound. If the Secure Keyboard succeeds, the
foreground and background colors will be exchanged (as if you selected
the Reverse Video entry in the Modes menu); they will be exchanged again
when you exit secure mode. If the colors do not switch, then you should
be very suspicious that you are being spoofed. If the application you
are running displays a prompt before asking for the password, it is
safest to enter secure mode before the prompt gets displayed, and to make
sure that the prompt gets displayed correctly (in the new colors), to
minimize the probability of spoofing. You can also bring up the menu
again and make sure that a check mark appears next to the entry.
Secure Keyboard mode will be disabled automatically if your xterm window
becomes iconified (or otherwise unmapped), or if you start up a
reparenting window manager (that places a title bar or other decoration
around the window) while in Secure Keyboard mode. (This is a feature of
the X protocol not easily overcome.) When this happens, the foreground
and background colors will be switched back and the bell will sound in
warning.
CHARACTER CLASSES
Clicking the middle mouse button twice in rapid succession will cause all
characters of the same class (e.g. letters, white space, punctuation) to
be selected. Since different people have different preferences for what
should be selected (for example, should filenames be selected as a whole
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or only the separate subnames), the default mapping can be overridden
through the use of the charClass (class CharClass) resource.
This resource is simply a list of range:value pairs where the range is
either a single number or low-high in the range of 0 to 127,
corresponding to the ASCII code for the character or characters to be
set. The value is arbitrary, although the default table uses the
character number of the first character occurring in the set.
The default table is
static int charClass[128] = {
/* NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL */
32, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
/* BS HT NL VT NP CR SO SI */
1, 32, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
/* DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
/* CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
/* SP ! " # $ % & ' */
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
/* ( ) * + , - . / */
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
/* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 */
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* 8 9 : ; < = > ? */
48, 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63,
/* @ A B C D E F G */
64, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* H I J K L M N O */
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* P Q R S T U V W */
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ */
48, 48, 48, 91, 92, 93, 94, 48,
/* ` a b c d e f g */
96, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* h i j k l m n o */
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* p q r s t u v w */
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48,
/* x y z { | } ~ DEL */
48, 48, 48, 123, 124, 125, 126, 1};
For example, the string ``33:48,37:48,45-47:48,64:48'' indicates that the
exclamation mark, percent sign, dash, period, slash, and ampersand
characters should be treated the same way as characters and numbers.
This is very useful for cutting and pasting electronic mailing addresses
and filenames.
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ACTIONS
It is possible to rebind keys (or sequences of keys) to arbitrary strings
for input, by changing the translations for the vt100 or tek4014 widgets.
Changing the translations for events other than key and button events is
not expected, and will cause unpredictable behavior. The following
actions are provided for using within the vt100 or tek4014 translations
resources:
bell([percent])
This action rings the keyboard bell at the specified percentage
above or below the base volume.
ignore()
This action ignores the event but checks for special pointer
position escape sequences.
insert()
This action inserts the character or string associated with the
key that was pressed.
insert-seven-bit()
This action is a synonym for insert()
insert-eight-bit()
This action inserts an eight-bit (Meta) version of the character
or string associated with the key that was pressed. The exact
action depends on the value of the eightBitInput resource.
insert-selection(sourcename [, ...])
This action inserts the string found in the selection or
cutbuffer indicated by sourcename. Sources are checked in the
order given (case is significant) until one is found. Commonly-
used selections include: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, and CLIPBOARD. Cut
buffers are typically named CUT_BUFFER0 through CUT_BUFFER7.
keymap(name)
This action dynamically defines a new translation table whose
resource name is name with the suffix Keymap (case is
significant). The name None restores the original translation
table.
popup-menu(menuname)
This action displays the specified popup menu. Valid names (case
is significant) include: mainMenu, vtMenu, fontMenu, and
tekMenu.
secure()
This action toggles the Secure Keyboard mode described in the
section named SECURITY, and is invoked from the securekbd entry
in mainMenu.
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select-start()
This action begins text selection at the current pointer
location. See the section on POINTER USAGE for information on
making selections.
select-extend()
This action tracks the pointer and extends the selection. It
should only be bound to Motion events.
select-end(destname [, ...])
This action puts the currently selected text into all of the
selections or cutbuffers specified by destname.
select-cursor-start()
This action is similar to select-start except that it begins the
selection at the current text cursor position.
select-cursor-end(destname [, ...])
This action is similar to select-end except that it should be
used with select-cursor-start.
set-vt-font(d/1/2/3/4/5/6/e/s [,normalfont [, boldfont]])
This action sets the font or fonts currently being used in the
VT102 window. The first argument is a single character that
specifies the font to be used: d or D indicate the default font
(the font initially used when xterm was started), 1 through 6
indicate the fonts specified by the font1 through font6
resources, e or E indicate the normal and bold fonts that have
been set through escape codes (or specified as the second and
third action arguments, respectively), and s or S indicate the
font selection (as made by programs such as xfontsel(1))
indicated by the second action argument.
start-extend()
This action is similar to select-start except that the selection
is extended to the current pointer location.
start-cursor-extend()
This action is similar to select-extend except that the selection
is extended to the current text cursor position.
string(string)
This action inserts the specified text string as if it had been
typed. Quotation is necessary if the string contains whitespace
or non-alphanumeric characters. If the string argument begins
with the characters ``0x'', it is interpreted as a hex character
constant.
scroll-back(count [,units])
This action scrolls the text window backward so that text that
had previously scrolled off the top of the screen is now visible.
The count argument indicates the number of units (which may be
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page, halfpage, pixel, or line) by which to scroll.
scroll-forw(count [,units])
This action scrolls is similar to scroll-back except that it
scrolls the other direction.
allow-send-events(on/off/toggle)
This action set or toggles the allowSendEvents resource and is
also invoked by the allowsends entry in mainMenu.
set-logging(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the logging resource and is also invoked by
the logging entry in mainMenu.
redraw()
This action redraws the window and is also invoked by the redraw
entry in mainMenu.
send-signal(signame)
This action sends the signal named by signame to the xterm
subprocess (the shell or program specified with the -e command
line option) and is also invoked by the suspend, continue,
interrupt, hangup, terminate, and kill entries in mainMenu.
Allowable signal names are (case is not significant): tstp (if
supported by the operating system), suspend (same as tstp), cont
(if supported by the operating system), int, hup, term, quit,
alrm, alarm (same as alrm) and kill.
quit() This action sends a SIGHUP to the subprogram and exits. It is
also invoked by the quit entry in mainMenu.
set-scrollbar(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the scrollbar resource and is also invoked by
the scrollbar entry in vtMenu.
set-jumpscroll(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the jumpscroll resource and is also invoked
by the jumpscroll entry in vtMenu.
set-reverse-video(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the reverseVideo resource and is also invoked
by the reversevideo entry in vtMenu.
set-autowrap(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles automatic wrapping of long lines and is also
invoked by the autowrap entry in vtMenu.
set-reversewrap(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the reverseWrap resource and is also invoked
by the reversewrap entry in vtMenu.
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set-autolinefeed(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles automatic insertion of linefeeds and is also
invoked by the autolinefeed entry in vtMenu.
set-appcursor(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the handling Application Cursor Key mode and
is also invoked by the Bappcursor entry in vtMenu.
set-appkeypad(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the handling of Application Keypad mode and
is also invoked by the appkeypad entry in vtMenu.
set-scroll-on-key(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the scrollKey resource and is also invoked
from the scrollkey entry in vtMenu.
set-scroll-on-tty-output(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the scrollTtyOutput resource and is also
invoked from the scrollttyoutput entry in vtMenu.
set-allow132(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the c132 resource and is also invoked from
the allow132 entry in vtMenu.
set-cursesemul(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the curses resource and is also invoked from
the cursesemul entry in vtMenu.
set-visual-bell(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the visualBell resource and is also invoked
by the visualbell entry in vtMenu.
set-marginbell(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles the marginBell resource and is also invoked
from the marginbell entry in vtMenu.
set-altscreen(on/off/toggle)
This action toggles between the alternate and current screens.
soft-reset()
This action resets the scrolling region and is also invoked from
the softreset entry in vtMenu.
hard-reset()
This action resets the scrolling region, tabs, window size, and
cursor keys and clears the screen. It is also invoked from the
hardreset entry in vtMenu.
clear-saved-lines()
This action does hard-reset() (see above) and also clears the
history of lines saved off the top of the screen. It is also
invoked from the clearsavedlines entry in vtMenu.
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set-terminal-type(type)
This action directs output to either the vt or tek windows,
according to the type string. It is also invoked by the tekmode
entry in vtMenu and the vtmode entry in tekMenu.
set-visibility(vt/tek,on/off/toggle)
This action controls whether or not the vt or tek windows are
visible. It is also invoked from the tekshow and vthide entries
in vtMenu and the vtshow and tekhide entries in tekMenu.
set-tek-text(large/2/3/small)
This action sets font used in the Tektronix window to the value
of the resources tektextlarge, tektext2, tektext3, and
tektextsmall according to the argument. It is also by the
entries of the same names as the resources in tekMenu.
tek-page()
This action clears the Tektronix window and is also invoked by
the tekpage entry in tekMenu.
tek-reset()
This action resets the Tektronix window and is also invoked by
the tekreset entry in tekMenu.
tek-copy()
This action copies the escape codes used to generate the current
window contents to a file in the current directory beginning with
the name COPY. It is also invoked from the tekcopy entry in
tekMenu.
visual-bell()
This action flashes the window quickly.
The Tektronix window also has the following action:
gin-press(l/L/m/M/r/R)
This action sends the indicated graphics input code.
The default bindings in the VT102 window are:
Shift <KeyPress> Prior: scroll-back(1,halfpage) \n\
Shift <KeyPress> Next: scroll-forw(1,halfpage) \n\
Shift <KeyPress> Select: select-cursor-start() \
select-cursor-end(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\
Shift <KeyPress> Insert: insert-selection(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\
~Meta<KeyPress>: insert-seven-bit() \n\
Meta<KeyPress>: insert-eight-bit() \n\
!Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\
!Lock Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\
~Meta <Btn1Down>: select-start() \n\
~Meta <Btn1Motion>: select-extend() \n\
!Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\
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!Lock Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\
~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn2Down>: ignore() \n\
~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn2Up>: insert-selection(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\
!Ctrl <Btn3Down>: popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\
!Lock Ctrl <Btn3Down>: popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\
~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn3Down>: start-extend() \n\
~Meta <Btn3Motion>: select-extend() \n\
<BtnUp>:select-end(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\
<BtnDown>: bell(0)
The default bindings in the Tektronix window are:
~Meta<KeyPress>: insert-seven-bit() \n\
Meta<KeyPress>: insert-eight-bit() \n\
!Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\
!Lock Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\
!Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\
!Lock Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\
Shift ~Meta<Btn1Down>: gin-press(L) \n\
~Meta<Btn1Down>: gin-press(l) \n\
Shift ~Meta<Btn2Down>: gin-press(M) \n\
~Meta<Btn2Down>: gin-press(m) \n\
Shift ~Meta<Btn3Down>: gin-press(R) \n\
~Meta<Btn3Down>: gin-press(r)
Below is a sample how of the keymap() action is used to add special keys
for entering commonly-typed works:
*VT100.Translations: #override <Key>F13: keymap(dbx)
*VT100.dbxKeymap.translations: \
<Key>F14: keymap(None) \n\
<Key>F17: string("next") string(0x0d) \n\
<Key>F18: string("step") string(0x0d) \n\
<Key>F19: string("continue") string(0x0d) \n\
<Key>F20: string("print ") insert-selection(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0)
ENVIRONMENT
Xterm sets the environment variables ``TERM'' and ``TERMCAP'' properly
for the size window you have created. It also uses and sets the
environment variable ``DISPLAY'' to specify which bit map display
terminal to use. The environment variable ``WINDOWID'' is set to the X
window id number of the xterm window.
SEE ALSO
resize(1), X(1), pty(4), tty(4)
Xterm Control Sequences (in the xterm source directory)
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BUGS
Large pastes do not work on some systems. This is not a bug in xterm; it
is a bug in the pseudo terminal driver of those systems. xterm feeds
large pastes to the pty only as fast as the pty will accept data, but
some pty drivers do not return enough information to know if the write
has succeeded.
Many of the options are not resettable after xterm starts.
The Tek widget does not support key/button re-binding.
Only fixed-width, character-cell fonts are supported.
This program still needs to be rewritten. It should be split into very
modular sections, with the various emulators being completely separate
widgets that don't know about each other. Ideally, you'd like to be able
to pick and choose emulator widgets and stick them into a single control
widget.
There needs to be a dialog box to allow entry of log file name and the
COPY file name.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1989, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
See X(1) for a full statement of rights and permissions.
AUTHORS
Far too many people, including:
Loretta Guarino Reid (DEC-UEG-WSL), Joel McCormack (DEC-UEG-WSL), Terry
Weissman (DEC-UEG-WSL), Edward Moy (Berkeley), Ralph R. Swick (MIT-
Athena), Mark Vandevoorde (MIT-Athena), Bob McNamara (DEC-MAD), Jim
Gettys (MIT-Athena), Bob Scheifler (MIT X Consortium), Doug Mink (SAO),
Steve Pitschke (Stellar), Ron Newman (MIT-Athena), Jim Fulton (MIT X
Consortium), Dave Serisky (HP), Jonathan Kamens (MIT-Athena)
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