ls(1) DG/UX 4.30 ls(1)
NAME
ls - list contents of directory
SYNTAX
ls [ -abcdfgilmnopqrstuxCFLR% ] [ names ]
ls [ -lpF [ % ] ] [ names ]
DESCRIPTION
When no names are given, the current directory is listed.
For each directory name, ls lists the contents of the
directory; for each file name, ls repeats its name and any
other information requested.
The output is sorted alphabetically by default. When
several arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted
appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories
and their contents.
There are three major listing formats:
One entry per line (the default).
Multi-column, enabled by
the -C (sort down columns) and -x (sort across
rows) options.
Stream, enabled by
the -m option. Files are listed across the page,
separated by commas.
To determine column and stream output formats (for -C, -x,
and -m), ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to
determine the number of character positions available on one
output line. If this variable is not set, the terminfo
database is used to determine the number of columns, based
on the environment variable TERM. If this information
cannot be obtained, 80 columns are assumed.
Options are:
-a List all entries; usually entries whose names begin
with a period (.) are not listed.
-b Print non-graphic characters in the octal \ddd
notation.
-c Use time of last modification of the i-node (file
created, mode changed, etc.) for sorting (-t) or
printing (-l).
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ls(1) DG/UX 4.30 ls(1)
-d If a name is a directory, list only its name (not its
contents); often used with -l to get the status of a
directory.
-f Interpret each name as a directory and list its files.
This option turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r and turns on
-a.
-g The same as -l, but the owner is not printed.
-i Print the i-number of each entry in the first column of
the report.
-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links,
owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last
modification for each file (see below). For a special
file, the size field will contain the major and minor
device numbers, not a size.
-m Stream output format; list names one after another,
separated by commas.
-n The same as -l, but the owner's UID and group's GID
numbers are printed, rather than the associated
character strings.
-o The same as -l, but the group is not printed.
-p Put a slash (/) after each filename if that file is a
directory.
-q Print non-graphic characters in filenames as the
character (?).
-r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or
oldest first as appropriate.
-s Give size in blocks, including indirect blocks, for
each entry.
-t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by
name.
-u Use time of last access instead of last modification
for sorting (with the -t option) or printing (with the
-l option).
-x Multi-column output with entries sorted across the
page.
-C Multi-column output with entries sorted down the
columns.
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ls(1) DG/UX 4.30 ls(1)
-F Put a slash (/) after each filename if that file is a
directory, and an asterisk (*) after each filename if
that file is executable.
-L If the argument is a symbolic link, list the file or
directory that the link references rather than the link
itself. The effects of this option can only be seen
when this option is used in conjunction with long
listing.
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-% When the -F or -p options are also given, put a percent
(%) after each filename if that file is a control point
directory. When the -l option is also given, put a
percent (%) in the first character of the mode for each
file that is a control point directory (instead of d).
This option is useful only when used in combination
with -l, -p, or -F.
The mode printed under the -l option consists of 10
characters that are interpreted as follows.
The first character of the entry is:
d if the entry is a directory;
b if the entry is a block special file;
c if the entry is a character special file;
p if the entry is a fifo (a.k.a. named pipe)
special file;
- if the entry is an ordinary file;
l if the entry is a symbolic link.
The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of
three bits each. The first set refers to the owner's
permissions; the next to permissions of others in the
user-group of the file; and the last to all others.
Within each set, the three characters indicate
permission to read, to write, and to execute the file
as a program, respectively. For a directory, execute
permission means permission to search the directory for
a specified file.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
r if the file is readable;
w if the file is writable;
x if the file is executable;
- if the indicated permission is not granted.
The group-execute permission character is given as s if
the file has set-group-ID mode; likewise, the user-
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ls(1) DG/UX 4.30 ls(1)
execute permission character is given as s if the file
has set-user-ID mode. The last character of the mode
(normally x or -) is t if the 1000 (octal) bit of the
mode is on; see chmod(1) for the meaning of this mode.
The indications of set-ID and 1000 bits of the mode are
capitalized (S and T respectively) if the corresponding
execute permission is not set.
When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a
total count of blocks, including indirect blocks, is
printed.
EXAMPLES
$ ls -a
.
..
.profile
a.out
bigfile
main.c
subr.c
In the above example, all of the files contained in the
current working directory, including those beginning with
"." are listed. If the command were executed with no
options, all files would be listed except for the files
beginning with ".". NOTE: The single "." file represents
the working directory, and the file ".." represents the
parent directory.
$ ls -x
a.out bigfile main.c
subr.c
The above example allows the file listing to span several
columns.
$ ls -l
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user4 other 52345 Nov 18 16:16 a.out
-rw-rw-rw- 1 user4 other 4 Oct 13 9:56 bigfile
-rw-rw-rw- 1 user4 other 864 Sep 1 15:12 main.c
-rw-rw-rw- 1 user4 other 16 Nov 20 14:23 subr.c
The above example shows all of the information about all of
the files in the current working directory, except those
files beginning with ".".
FILES
/etc/passwd
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ls(1) DG/UX 4.30 ls(1)
To get user IDs for ls -l and ls -o.
/etc/group
To get group IDs for ls -l and ls -g.
/usr/lib/terminfo/*
To get terminal information.
SEE ALSO
chmod(1), find(1), cpd(1), mkdir(1).
CAVEATS
Unprintable characters in file names may confuse the
columnar output options.
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