f77(1)
NAME
f77 − MIPS Fortran 77 compiler
SYNTAX
f77 [ option ] filename
DESCRIPTION
The f77 command is the MIPS ucode Fortran 77 compiler. It produces files in the following formats:
•MIPS object code in MIPS extended coff format (the normal result)
•binary or symbolic ucode
•ucode object files
•Binary or symbolic assembly language.
The f77 command accepts the following arguments:
•Arguments whose names end with .f are interpreted as Fortran 77 source programs. They are compiled, and the resulting object program substitutes .o for .f. If on a single source program is compiled and loaded, the .o file is deleted.
•Arguments ending in .F are interpreted as Fortran code which must be run through the C preprocessor first.
•Arguments whose names end with .r or .e are interpreted as RATFOR or EFL source programs, respectively. These programs are first transformed by the appropriate preprocessor and then compiled by producing .o files.
•Arguments whose names end with .s are interpreted as symbolic assembly language source programs. They are assembled, producing a .o file.
•Arguments whose names end with .i are interpreted as Fortran 77 source after being processed by the C preprocessor. They are compiled without being processed by the C preprocessor.
If the highest level of optimization is specified (with the −O3 flag), or only ucode object files are to be produced (with the −j flag), each Fortran 77, RATFOR or EFL source file is compiled into a ucode object file. The ucode object file is left in a file whose name consists of the last component of the source with .u substituted for .f, .r, or .e.
The following suffixes aid compiler development and are generally not used: .B, .O, .S, and .M. These suffixes are interpreted as binary ucode, produced by the front end, optimizer, ucode object file splitter and ucode merger respectively. Arguments whose names end with .U are assumed to be symbolic ucode. Arguments whose names end with .G are assumed to be binary assembly language, which is produced by the code generator and the symbolic to binary assembler.
Files that are assumed to be binary ucode, symbolic ucode, or binary assembly language by the suffix conventions are also assumed to have their corresponding symbol table in a file with a ‘.T’ suffix.
The f77 command always defines the C preprocessor macros mips, host_mips and unix to the C macro preprocessor. If the −cpp option is present, f77 defines the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_FORTRAN when a .f, .r, or .e file is being compiled. The f77 command will define the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY when a .s file is being compiled. It also defines SYSTYPE_BSD by default, but this changes if the −systype name option is specified (see the description below).
OPTIONS
The following options are interpreted by f77 and have the same meaning in cc(.). See ld() for load-time options.
−c Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and force an object file to be produced even if only one program is compiled.
−g0 Do not produce symbol table information for symbolic debugging. This is the default.
−g1 Produce additional symbol table information for accurate but limited symbolic debugging of partially optimized code.
−g or −g2
Produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging and do not perform optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.
−g3 Produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging for fully optimized code. This causes inaccuracies with the debugger.
−w Suppress warning messages.
−p0 Do not permit profiling. This is the default. If loading occurs, the standard runtime startup routine (crt0.o) is used, the profiling libraries are not searched.
−p1 or −p
Set up for profiling by periodically sampling the value of the program counter. This option only effects the loading. When loading happens, this option replaces the standard runtime startup routine with the profiling runtime startup routine (mcrt0.o) and searches the level 1 profiling library (libprof1.a). When profiling happens, the startup routine calls monstartup() and produces a file mon.out that contains execution-profiling data for use with the postprocessor prof(.).
−O0 Turn off all optimizations.
−O1 Turn on all optimizations that complete quickly. This is the default.
−O or −O2
Invoke the global ucode optimizer.
−O3 Perform all optimizations, including global register allocation. This option must precede all source file arguments. With this option, a ucode object file is created for each Fortran 77, RATFOR, or EFL source file and left in a .u file. The newly created ucode object files, the ucode object files specified on the command line and the runtime startup routine and all the runtime libraries are ucode linked. Optimization is done on the resulting ucode linked file and then it is linked as normal producing an a.out file. No resulting .o file is left from the ucode linked result as in previous releases. In fact −c can no longer be specified with −O3.
−feedback file
Used with the −cord option to specify file to be used as a feedback file. This file is produced by prof() with its −feedback option from an execution of the program produced by pixie(.).
−cord Run the procedure-rearranger, cord(,), on the resulting file after linking. The rearrangement is done to reduce the cache conflicts of the program’s text. The output of cord() is left in the file specified by the −o output option or a.out by default. At least one −feedback file must be specified.
−j Compile the specified source programs, and leave the ucode object file output in corresponding files suffixed with .u.
−ko output
Name the output file created by the ucode loader as output. This file is not removed. If this file is compiled, the object file is left in a file whose name consists of output with the suffix changed to a .o. If output has no suffix, a .o suffix is appended to output.
−k Pass options that start with a −k to the ucode loader. This option is used to specify ucode libraries (with −klx ) and other ucode loader options.
−S Compile the specified source programs and leave the symbolic assembly language output in corresponding files suffixed with .s.
−P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result for each source file by suffix convention (for example, .f, .r, .e ,and .s) in a corresponding .i file after being processed by appropriate preprocessors. The .i file does not have line numbers (#) in it. This sets the −cpp option.
−E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the files (regardless of any suffix or not), and send the result to the standard output. This sets the −cpp option.
−o output Name the final output file output . If this option is used, the file a.out is unaffected.
−Dname=def
−Dname Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by #define. If no definition is given, the name is defined as "1".
−Uname Remove any initial definition of name.
−Idir Search the #include files whose names do not begin with slash (/) in the following order: (1) in the directory of the file argument, (2) in the directories specified by the −I option, (3) in the standard directory (/usr/include).
−I Cause #include files not to be searched for in the standard directory (/usr/include).
−G num Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that is to be accessed from the global pointer. The argument num is assumed to be a decimal number. If num is zero, no data is accessed from the global pointer. The default value for num is 8 bytes.
−v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments and their input and output files. Also prints resource usage in the C-shell time format.
−V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all passes. This is done with the what() command.
−std Have the compiler produce warnings for things that are not standard in the language..TP 10 −cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on all Fortran source files before compiling. This includes Fortran sources created by RATFOR or EFL .
−nocpp Do not run the C macro preprocessor on any Fortran source files before compiling. This is the default for mf77(.). This includes Fortran sources created by RATFOR or EFL .
−Olimit num
Specify the maximum size, in basic blocks, of a routine that will be optimized by the global optimizer. If a routine has more than this number of basic blocks it will not be optimized and a message will be printed. An option specifying that the global optimizer is to be run (−O, −O2, or −O3) must also be specified. Num is assumed to be a decimal number. The default value for num is 1500 basic blocks.
Either object file target byte ordering can be produced by f77. The default target byte ordering matches the machine where the compiler is running. The options −EB and −EL specify the target byte ordering (big-endian and little-endian, respectively). The compiler also defines a C preprocessor macro for the target byte ordering. These C preprocessor macros are MIPSEB and MIPSEL for big-endian and little-endian byte ordering respectively.
If the specified target byte ordering does not match the machine where the compiler is running, then the runtime startups and libraries come from /usr/libeb for big-endian runtimes on a little-endian machine and from /usr/libel for little-endian runtimes on a big-endian machine.
−EB Produce object files targeted for big-endian byte ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEB is defined by the compiler.
−EL Produce object files targeted for little-endian byte ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEL is defined by the compiler.
The following options are specific for f77 :
−i2 Make the default integer constants and variables short. All logical quantities will be short. −i4 is the default.
−onetrip or −1
Compile DO loops that execute at least once if reached. (Fortran 77 DO loops are not executed if the upper limit is smaller than the lower limit.)
−66 Suppress extensions that enhance Fortran 66 compatibility.
−C Generate code for runtime subscript range checking. The default suppresses range checking.
−U Do not fold cases. The f77 command is normally a no-case language (for example a is equivalent to A). The −U option causes f77 to treat uppercase and lowercase separately.
−u Make the default type of a variable undefined, rather than using the default Fortran rules.
−w Suppress all warning messages. If the option is −w66, only Fortran 66 compatibility warnings are suppressed.
−w1 Suppress warnings about unused variables, but permit other warnings unless −w is also specified.
−F Apply the EFL and RATFOR preprocessors to relevant files and put the result in files whose names have their suffix changed to .f. (No ‘.o’ files are created.)
−m Apply the M4 preprocessor to each EFL or RATFOR source file before transforming it with the ratfor() or efl() preprocessors. The temporary file used as the output of the m4() preprocessor is comprised of the last component of the source file with a .p substituted for the .e or .r. This temporary file is removed unless if the −K option is specified.
−E Use any remaining characters in the argument as EFL options whenever processing a .e file. The temporary file used as the output of the EFL preprocessor has the last component of the source file with a .f substituted for the .e. This temporary file is removed unless the −K option is specified.
−R Use any remaining characters in the argument as RATFOR options whenever processing a .r file. The temporary file used as the output of the RATFOR preprocessor is that of the last component of the source file with a .f substituted for the .r. This temporary file is removed unless the −K option is specified.
−automatic
Place local variables on the runtime stack. The same restrictions apply for this option as they do for the automatic keyword. This is the default.
−static Cause all local variables to be statically allocated.
−noextend_source
Pad each source line with blanks or truncate it as need be to make it 72 bytes long.
−extend_source
Pad each source line with blanks if need be to make it 132 bytes long, but do not truncate it if it exceeds 132 bytes.
−d_lines The d_lines option specifies that lines with a D in column 1 are to be compiled and not to be treated as comment lines. The default is to treat lines with a D in column 1 as comment lines.
−col72 This option sets the SVS Fortran 72 column option mode for source statements.
−col120 This option sets the SVS Fortran default mode for source statements.
−vms
Cause the runtime system to behave like VMS Fortran with regard to interpreting carriage control on unit 6.
−N[qxscnl]nnn
Make static tables in the compiler bigger. The compiler will complain if it overflows its tables and suggest you apply one or more of these flags. These flags have the following meanings:
q Maximum number of equivalenced variables. The default is
150.
x Maximum number of external names (common block names, subroutine and function names). The default is 200.
s Maximum number of statement numbers. The default is 401.
c Maximum depth of nesting for control statements (for example, DO loops). The default is 20.
n Maximum number of identifiers. The default is 1009.
l Maximum number of labels. The default is 125.
The following option is primarily used to provide UNIX compilation environments other than the native compilation environment.
−systype name
Use the named compilation environment name. For the compilation environments that are supported and their names, see compilation(.). This has the effect of changing the standard directory for #include files, the runtime libraries, and where runtime libraries are searched for. The new items are located in their usual paths, but with /name prepended to their paths. Also a preprocessor macro of the form SYSTYPE_NAME (with name capitalized) is defined in place of the default SYSTYPE_BSD.
The options described below primarily aid compiler development and are not generally used:
−Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the character c, producing an intermediate file for the next pass. The c can be [ fjusmoca ]. It selects the compiler pass in the same way as the −t option. If this option is used, the symbol table file produced and used by the passes, is the last component of the source file with the suffix changed to .T and is not removed.
−K Build and use intermediate file names with the last component of the source file’s name replacing its suffix with the conventional suffix for the type of file (for example .B file for binary ucode, produced by the front end). These intermediate files are never removed even when a pass encounters a fatal error. When ucode linking is performed and the −K option is specified the base name of the files created after the ucode link is u.out by default. If −ko output is specified, the base name of the object file is output without the suffix if it exists or suffixes are appended to output if it does not have a suffix.
−# Converts binary ucode files (.B) or optimized binary ucode files (.O) to symbolic ucode (a .U file) using btou(.). If a symbolic ucode file is to be produced by converting the binary ucode from the Fortran 77 compiler front end then the front end option −Xu is used instead of btou(.).
−Wc[c...],arg1[,arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the compiler pass[es] c[c..]. The c’s are one of [ pfjusmocablyz ]. The c’s selects the compiler pass in the same way as the −t option.
The options −t[hpfjusmocablyzrFIUSMnt], −hpath, and −Bstring select a name to use for a particular pass, startup routine, or standard library. These arguments are processed from left to right, so their order is significant. When the −B option is encountered, the selection of names takes place using the last −h and −t options. Therefore, the −B option is always required when using −h or −t. Sets of these options can be used to select any combination of names.
The −EB or −EL options, the −p[01] options and the −systype option must precede all −B options because they can affect the location of runtimes and what runtimes are used.
−t[hpfjusmocablyzrFIUSMnt]
Select the names. The names selected are those designated by the characters following the −t option according to the following table:
Name Character
includeh (see note below)
cppp
fcomf
ujoinj
uldu
usplits
umergem
uopto
ugenc
as0a
as1b
ldl
ftocy
cordz
[m]crt0.or
libF77.aF
libI77.aI
libU77.aU
libisam.aS
libm.aM
libprof1.an
btou, utobt
If the character ‘h’ is in the −t argument then a directory is added to the list of directories to be used in searching for #include files. This directory name has the form COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring . This directory is to contain the include files for the string release of the compiler. The standard directory is still searched.
−hpath Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally found.
−Bstring Append string to all names specified by the −t option. If no −t option has been processed before the −B, the −t option is interpreted as hpfjusmocablyzrFIUSMnt. This list designates all names. If an −t argument has not been processed before the −B then a −Bstring is passed to the loader to use with its −lx arguments.
Invoking the compiler with a name of the form f77string has the same effect as using a −Bstring option on the command line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for all pass names rather than the default /. If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for all include and library names rather than the default /. This affects the standard directory for ‘#include’ files, /usr/include, and the standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a . If this is set then the only directory that is searched for libraries, using the −lx option, is COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/lib .
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the directory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp/ .
If the environment variable RLS_ID_OBJECT is set, the value is used as the name of an object to link in if a link takes place. This is used to add release identification information to objects. It is always the last object specified to the loader.
Other arguments are assumed to be either loader options or Fortran 77-compatible object files, typically produced by an earlier f77 run, or perhaps libraries of Fortran 77-compatible routines. These files, together with the results of any compilations specified, are loaded in the order given, producing an executable program with the default name a.out.
RESTRICTIONS
The standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a, is loaded by using the -lc loader option and not a full path name. The wrong one could be loaded if there are files with the name libc.astring in the directories specified with the −L loader option or in the default directories searched by the loader.
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by f77 are intended to be self-explanatory. Occasional messages can be produced by the assembler or loader.
FILES
file.finput file
file.oobject file
a.outloaded output
/tmp/ctm?temporary
/usr/lib/cppC macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/fcomFortran 77 front end
/usr/lib/ujoinbinary ucode and symbol table joiner
/usr/bin/ulducode loader
/usr/lib/usplitbinary ucode and symbol table splitter
/usr/lib/umergeprocedure intergrator
/usr/lib/uoptoptional global ucode optimizer
/usr/lib/ugencode generator
/usr/lib/as0symbolic to binary assembly language translator
/usr/lib/as1binary assembly language assembler and reorganizer
/usr/lib/crt0.oruntime startup
/usr/lib/mcrt0.ostartup for profiling
/usr/lib/libc.astandard library, see intro()
/usr/lib/libprof1.alevel 1 profiling library
/usr/lib/libF77.aFortran intrinsic function library
/usr/lib/libI77.aFortran I/O library
/usr/lib/libU77.aFortran UNIX interface library
/usr/lib/libisam.aIndexed sequential access method library
/usr/lib/libm.aMath library
/usr/includestandard directory for ‘#include’ files
/usr/bin/ldMIPS loader
/usr/lib/ftocinterface between prof() and cord()
/usr/lib/cordprocedure-rearranger
/usr/bin/btoubinary to symbolic ucode translator
/usr/bin/utobsymbolic to binary ucode translator
/usr/bin/eflextended Fortran language preprocessor
/usr/bin/ratforrational Fortran dialect preprocessor
mon.outfile produced for analysis by prof()
Runtime startups and libraries for the opposite byte sex of machine the compiler is running on have the same names but are located in different directories. For big-endian runtimes on a little-endian machine the directory is /usr/libeb and for little-endian runtimes on a big-endian machine the directory is /usr/libel.
SEE ALSO
cc(1), as(1), efl(1), ratfor(1), m4(1), monstartup(3), prof(1), ld(1), dbx(1), what(1), cord(1), pixie(1), ftoc(1)
Commands