| adb | debugger |
| addbib | create or extend bibliographic database |
| admin | create and administer SCCS files |
| apply | apply a command to a set of arguments |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup |
| ar | archive and library maintainer |
| as | VAX-11 assembler |
| at | execute commands at a later time |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language |
| basename | strip filename affixes |
| bc | arbitrary-precision arithmetic language |
| biff | be notified if mail arrives and who it is from |
| binmail | send or receive mail among users |
| cal | print calendar |
| calendar | reminder service |
| cat | catenate and print |
| cb | C program beautifier |
| cc | C compiler |
| compact, uncompact, ccat | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| cd | change working directory |
| cdc | change the delta commentary of an SCCS delta |
| eqn, neqn, checkeq | typeset mathematics |
| checknr | check nroff/troff files |
| chfn | change finger entry |
| chgrp | change group |
| chmod | change mode |
| chsh | change default login shell |
| ci | check in RCS revisions |
| clear | clear terminal screen |
| cmp | compare two files |
| co | check out RCS revisions |
| col | filter reverse line feeds |
| colcrt | filter nroff output for CRT previewing |
| colrm | remove columns from a file |
| comb | combine SCCS deltas |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files |
| uncompact, ccat, compact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| cp | copy |
| cpio | copy file archives in and out |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax |
| ctags | create a tags file |
| cut | cut out selected fields of each line of a file |
| cxref | generate C program cross reference |
| date | print and set the date |
| dbx | debugger |
| dc | desk calculator |
| dd | convert and copy a file |
| delta | make a delta (change) to an SCCS file |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs |
| df | disk free |
| explain, diction | print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator |
| diff3 | 3-way differential file comparison |
| diff, diffh | differential file and directory comparator |
| diffmk | mark differences between files |
| du | summarize disk usage |
| echo | echo arguments |
| red, ed | text editor |
| ex, edit | text editor |
| efl | Extended Fortran Language |
| grep, fgrep, egrep | search a file for a pattern |
| neqn, checkeq, eqn | typeset mathematics |
| error | analyze and disperse compiler error messages |
| edit, ex | text editor |
| unexpand, expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| diction, explain | print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression |
| eyacc | modified yacc allowing much improved error recovery |
| f77 | Fortran 77 compiler |
| true, false | provide truth values |
| fed | font editor |
| grep, egrep, fgrep | search a file for a pattern |
| file | determine file type |
| find | find files |
| finger | user information lookup program |
| fmt | simple text formatter |
| fold | fold long lines for finite width output device |
| fp | Functional Programming language compiler/interpreter |
| fpr | print Fortran file |
| from | identifies sender of mail |
| fsplit | split a multi-routine Fortran file into individual files |
| gcore | get core images of running processes |
| get | get a version of an SCCS file |
| gprof | display call graph profile data |
| egrep, fgrep, grep | search a file for a pattern |
| groups | show group memberships |
| head | give first few lines |
| help | ask for help |
| hostid | set or print identifier of current host system |
| hostname | set or print name of current host system |
| ident | identify files |
| indent | indent and format C program source |
| lookbib, indxbib | build inverted index for a bibliography, find references in a bibliography |
| install | install binaries |
| intro | introduction to commands |
| iostat | report I/O statistics |
| join | relational database operator |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes |
| lastcomm | show last commands executed in reverse order |
| ld | link editor |
| learn | computer aided instruction about UNIX |
| leave | remind you when you have to leave |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs |
| lint | a C program verifier |
| lisp | lisp interpreter |
| liszt | compile a Franz Lisp program |
| ln | make links |
| lock | reserve a terminal |
| login | sign on |
| look | find lines in a sorted list |
| indxbib, lookbib | build inverted index for a bibliography, find references in a bibliography |
| lorder | find ordering relation for an object library |
| lpq | spool queue examination program |
| lpr | off line print |
| lprm | remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue |
| ls | list contents of directory |
| lxref | lisp cross reference program |
| m4 | macro processor |
| mail | send and receive mail |
| make | maintain program groups |
| man | find manual information by keywords; print out the manual |
| mdtar | multiple diskette archiver |
| merge | three-way file merge |
| mesg | permit or deny messages |
| mkdir | make a directory |
| mkstr | create an error message file by massaging C source |
| page, more | file perusal filter for crt viewing |
| msgs | system messages and junk mail program |
| mt | magnetic tape manipulating program |
| mv | move or rename files |
| eqn, checkeq, neqn | typeset mathematics |
| netstat | show network status |
| newaliases | rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file |
| nohup, nice | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nm | print name list |
| nice, nohup | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nroff | text formatting |
| od | octal, decimal, hex, ascii dump |
| more, page | file perusal filter for crt viewing |
| pagesize | print system page size |
| passwd | change login password |
| paste | merge same lines of several files or subsequent lines of one file |
| pc | Pascal compiler |
| pdx | pascal debugger |
| pi | Pascal interpreter code translator |
| pix | Pascal interpreter and executor |
| pmerge | pascal file merger |
| pr | print file |
| print | pr to the line printer |
| printenv | print out the environment |
| prmail | print out mail in the post office |
| prof | display profile data |
| prs | print an SCCS file |
| ps | process status |
| pti | phototypesetter interpreter |
| ptx | permuted index |
| pwd | working directory name |
| px | Pascal interpreter |
| pxp | Pascal execution profiler |
| pxref | Pascal cross-reference program |
| quota | display disc usage and limits |
| ranlib | convert archives to random libraries |
| ratfor | rational Fortran dialect |
| rcs | change RCS file attributes |
| rcsdiff | compare RCS revisions |
| rcsintro | introduction to RCS commands |
| rcsmerge | merge RCS revisions |
| RDT, rdt | Read Diagnostic Tape |
| ed, red | text editor |
| refer | find and insert literature references in documents |
| reset | reset the teletype bits to a sensible state |
| rev | reverse lines of a file |
| rlog | print log messages and other information about RCS files |
| rmdir, rm | remove (unlink) files or directories |
| rmail | handle remote mail received via uucp |
| rmdel | remove a delta from an SCCS file |
| rm, rmdir | remove (unlink) directories or files |
| roffbib | run off bibliographic database |
| sccs | source code control system preprocessor |
| sccsdiff | compare two versions of an SCCS file |
| script | make typescript of terminal session |
| sed | stream editor |
| sendbug | mail a system bug report to 4bsd-bugs |
| for, case, if, while, :, ., break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait, sh | command language |
| size | size of an object file |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| soelim | eliminate .so’s from nroff input |
| sort | sort or merge files |
| sortbib | sort bibliographic database |
| spellin, spellout, spell | find spelling errors |
| spell, spellout, spellin | find spelling errors |
| spell, spellin, spellout | find spelling errors |
| split | split a file into pieces |
| strings | find the printable strings in a object, or other binary, file |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits |
| struct | structure Fortran programs |
| stty | set terminal options |
| style | analyze surface characteristics of a document |
| su | substitute user id temporarily |
| sum | sum and count blocks in a file |
| symorder | rearrange name list |
| sysline | display system status on status line of a terminal |
| tabs | set terminal tabs |
| tail | deliver the last part of a file |
| talk | talk to another user |
| tar | tape archiver |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff |
| tc | photoypesetter simulator |
| tee | pipe fitting |
| test | condition command |
| time | time a command |
| tk | paginator for the Tektronix 4014 |
| touch | update date last modified of a file |
| tp | manipulate tape archive |
| tr | translate characters |
| trman | translate version 6 manual macros to version 7 macros |
| nroff, troff | text formatting and typesetting |
| false, true | provide truth values |
| tset | terminal dependent initialization |
| tsort | topological sort |
| tty | get terminal name |
| ul | do underlining |
| compact, ccat, uncompact | compress and uncompress files, and cat them |
| expand, unexpand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| unget | undo a previous get of an SCCS file |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file |
| units | conversion program |
| uptime | show how long system has been up |
| users | compact list of users who are on the system |
| val | validate SCCS file |
| vc | version control |
| vfontinfo | inspect and print out information about UNIX fonts |
| vgrind | grind nice listings of programs |
| vi | screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex |
| vlp | Format Lisp programs to be printed with nroff, vtroff, or troff |
| vmstat | report virtual memory statistics |
| vpr, vprm, vprint, vpq | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vprm, vpq, vprint, vpr | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vpr, vprm, vpq, vprint | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vpr, vpq, vprint, vprm | raster printer/plotter spooler |
| vtroff | troff to a raster plotter |
| vwidth | make troff width table for a font |
| w | who is on and what they are doing |
| wait | await completion of process |
| wall | write to all users |
| wc | word count |
| what | identify SCCS files |
| whatis | describe what a command is |
| whereis | locate source, binary, and or manual for program |
| which | locate a program file including aliases and paths (csh only) |
| who | who is on the system |
| whoami | print effective current user id |
| write | write to another user |
| xstr | extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler |
| yes | be repetitively affirmative |
| accept | accept a connection on a socket |
| access | determine accessibility of file |
| acct | turn accounting on or off |
| bind | bind a name to a socket |
| sbrk, brk | change data segment size |
| chdir | change current working directory |
| chmod | change mode of file |
| chown | change owner and group of a file |
| chroot | change root directory |
| close | delete a descriptor |
| connect | initiate a connection on a socket |
| creat | create a new file |
| dup2, dup | duplicate a descriptor |
| dup, dup2 | duplicate a descriptor |
| execve | execute a file |
| _exit, exit | terminate a process |
| chmod, fchmod | change mode of file |
| chown, fchown | change owner and group of a file |
| fcntl | file control |
| flock | apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file |
| fork | create a new process |
| stat, lstat, fstat | get file status |
| fsync | synchronize a file’s in-core state with that on disk |
| truncate, ftruncate | truncate a file to a specified length |
| getdtablesize | get descriptor table size |
| getgid, getegid | get group identity |
| getuid, geteuid | get user identity |
| getegid, getgid | get group identity |
| getgroups | get group access list |
| sethostid, gethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| sethostname, gethostname | get/set name of current host |
| setitimer, getitimer | get/set value of interval timer |
| getpagesize | get system page size |
| getpeername | get name of connected peer |
| getpgrp | get process group |
| getppid, getpid | get process identification |
| getpid, getppid | get process identification |
| setpriority, getpriority | get/set program scheduling priority |
| setrlimit, getrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption |
| getrusage | get information about resource utilization |
| getsockname | get socket name |
| setsockopt, getsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| settimeofday, gettimeofday | get/set date and time |
| geteuid, getuid | get user identity |
| intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers |
| ioctl | control device |
| kill | send signal to a process |
| killpg | send signal to a process group |
| link | make a hard link to a file |
| listen | listen for connections on a socket |
| lseek | move read/write pointer |
| stat, fstat, lstat | get file status |
| mkdir | make a directory file |
| mknod | make a special file |
| umount, mount | mount or remove file system |
| open | open a file for reading or writing, or create a new file |
| pipe | create an interprocess communication channel |
| profil | execution time profile |
| ptrace | process trace |
| quota | manipulate disk quotas |
| readv, read | read input |
| readlink | read value of a symbolic link |
| read, readv | read input |
| reboot | reboot system or halt processor |
| recvfrom, recvmsg, recv | receive a message from a socket |
| recv, recvmsg, recvfrom | receive a message from a socket |
| recv, recvfrom, recvmsg | receive a message from a socket |
| rename | change the name of a file |
| rmdir | remove a directory file |
| brk, sbrk | change data segment size |
| select | synchronous i/o multiplexing |
| sendto, sendmsg, send | send a message from a socket |
| send, sendto, sendmsg | send a message from a socket |
| send, sendmsg, sendto | send a message from a socket |
| send, sendto, sendmsg, sento | send a message from a socket |
| setgroups | set group access list |
| gethostid, sethostid | get/set unique identifier of current host |
| gethostname, sethostname | get/set name of current host |
| getitimer, setitimer | get/set value of interval timer |
| setpgrp | set process group |
| getpriority, setpriority | get/set program scheduling priority |
| setquota | enable/disable quotas on a file system |
| setregid | set real and effective group ID |
| setreuid | set real and effective user ID’s |
| getrlimit, setrlimit | control maximum system resource consumption |
| getsockopt, setsockopt | get and set options on sockets |
| gettimeofday, settimeofday | get/set date and time |
| shutdown | shut down part of a full-duplex connection |
| sigblock | block signals |
| sigpause | atomically release blocked signals and wait for interrupt |
| sigsetmask | set current signal mask |
| sigstack | set and/or get signal stack context |
| sigvec | software signal facilities |
| socket | create an endpoint for communication |
| socketpair | create a pair of connected sockets |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| swapon | add a swap device for interleaved paging/swapping |
| symlink | make symbolic link to a file |
| sync | update super-block |
| syscall | indirect system call |
| truncate | truncate a file to a specified length |
| umask | set file creation mode mask |
| mount, umount | mount or remove file system |
| unlink | remove directory entry |
| utimes | set file times |
| vfork | spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way |
| vhangup | virtually “hangup” the current control terminal |
| wait3, wait | wait for process to terminate |
| wait, wait3 | wait for process to terminate |
| writev, write | write on a file |
| write, writev | write on a file |
| abort | generate a fault |
| abs | integer absolute value |
| ctime, localtime, gmtime, timezone, asctime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| atoi, atol, atof | convert ASCII to numbers |
| bcmp, bzero, ffs, bcopy | bit and byte string operations |
| bcopy, bcmp, bzero, ffs, bstring | bit and byte string operations |
| encrypt. , crypt | |
| localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, ctime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii, ctype | character classification macros |
| opendir, readdir, telldir, seekdir, rewinddir, closedir, directory | directory operations |
| fcvt, gcvt, ecvt | output conversion |
| crypt, encrypt. , encrypt | |
| etext, edata, end | last locations in program |
| execv, execle, execlp, execvp, exec, exece, exect, environ, execl | execute a file |
| exit | terminate a process after flushing any pending output |
| ldexp, modf, frexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| getenv | value for environment name |
| getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent, getgrent | get group file entry |
| getlogin | get login name |
| getpass | read a password |
| getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent, getpwent | get password file entry |
| getwd | get current working directory pathname |
| ctime, localtime, asctime, timezone, gmtime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| random, srandom, setstate, initstate | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| remque, insque | insert/remove element from a queue |
| intro | introduction to library functions |
| frexp, modf, ldexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| ctime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, localtime | convert date and time to ASCII |
| free, realloc, calloc, alloca, malloc | memory allocator |
| mktemp | make a unique file name |
| frexp, ldexp, modf | split into mantissa and exponent |
| monstartup, moncontrol, monitor | prepare execution profile |
| nlist | get entries from name list |
| sys_errlist, sys_nerr, perror | system error messages |
| pclose, popen | initiate I/O to/from a process |
| sys_siglist, psignal | system signal messages |
| qsort | quicker sort |
| srandom, initstate, setstate, random | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| re_comp, re_exec, regex | regular expression handler |
| scandir | scan a directory |
| setgid | |
| longjmp, setjmp | non-local goto |
| random, srandom, initstate, setstate | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| seteuid, setruid, setgid, setegid, setrgid, setuid | set user and group ID |
| sleep | suspend execution for interval |
| random, initstate, setstate, srandom | better random number generator; routines for changing generators |
| strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex, strcat | string operations |
| strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex, string | string operations |
| swab | swap bytes |
| openlog, closelog, syslog | control system log |
| system | issue a shell command |
| ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone | convert date and time to ASCII |
| isatty, ttyslot, ttyname | find name of a terminal |
| valloc | aligned memory allocator |
| varargs | variable argument list |
| abort | terminate abruptly with memory image |
| access | determine accessability of a file |
| alarm | execute a subroutine after a specified time |
| bessel functions, bessel | of two kinds for integer orders |
| bit | and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions |
| chdir | change default directory |
| chmod | change mode of a file |
| dtime, etime | return elapsed execution time |
| exit | terminate process with status |
| fdate | return date and time in an ASCII string |
| getc, fgetc | get a character from a logical unit |
| flmax, ffrac, dflmin, dflmax, dffrac, inmax, flmin | return extreme values |
| flush | flush output to a logical unit |
| fork | create a copy of this process |
| intro, fortran | introduction to FORTRAN library functions |
| ftell, fseek | reposition a file on a logical unit |
| perror, ierrno, gerror | get system error messages |
| iargc, getarg | return command line arguments |
| fgetc, getc | get a character from a logical unit |
| getcwd | get pathname of current working directory |
| getenv | get value of environment variables |
| getlog | get user’s login name |
| getpid | get process id |
| getgid, getuid | get user or group ID of the caller |
| hostnm | get name of current host |
| getarg, iargc | return command line arguments |
| itime, idate | return date or time in numerical form |
| perror, gerror, ierrno | get system error messages |
| rindex, lnblnk, len, index | tell about character objects |
| intro | introduction to FORTRAN library functions |
| ioinit | change f77 I/O initialization |
| kill | send a signal to a process |
| link | make a link to an existing file |
| loc | return the address of an object |
| short, long | integer object conversion |
| gerror, ierrno, perror | get system error messages |
| fputc, putc | write a character to a fortran logical unit |
| qsort | quick sort |
| drand, irand, rand | return random values |
| rename | rename a file |
| signal | change the action for a signal |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| lstat, fstat, stat | get file status |
| system | execute a ULTRIX command |
| ctime, ltime, gmtime, time | return system time |
| tclose, tread, twrite, trewin, tskipf, tstate, topen | f77 tape I/O |
| traper | trap arithmetic errors |
| trapov | trap and repair floating point overflow |
| fpecnt, trpfpe | trap and repair floating point faults |
| isatty, ttynam | find name of a terminal port |
| unlink | remove a directory entry |
| wait | wait for a process to terminate |
| acc | ACC LH/DH IMP interface |
| ad | Data Translation A/D converter |
| autoconf | diagnostics from the autoconfiguration code |
| bk | line discipline for machine-machine communication (obsolete) |
| cons | VAX-11 console interface |
| css | DEC IMP-11A LH/DH IMP interface |
| ct | phototypesetter interface |
| de | DEC DEUNA 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| dh | DH-11/DM-11 communications multiplexer |
| dhu | DHU-11 communications multiplexer |
| disk | general disk interface |
| dmc | DEC DMC-11/DMR-11 point-to-point communications device |
| dmf | DMF-32, terminal multiplexor |
| dmz | DMZ-32, terminal multiplexor |
| dn | DN-11 autocall unit interface |
| drum | paging device |
| dz | DZ-11 communications multiplexer |
| ec | 3Com 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| en | Xerox 3 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| fl | console floppy interface |
| hk | RK6-11/RK06 and RK07 moving head disk |
| hp | MASSBUS disk interface |
| ht | TM-03/TE-16,TU-45,TU-77 MASSBUS magtape interface |
| hy | Network Systems Hyperchannel interface |
| ik | Ikonas frame buffer, graphics device interface |
| il | Interlan 10 Mb/s Ethernet interface |
| imp | 1822 network interface |
| intro | introduction to special files and hardware support |
| kg | KL-11/DL-11W line clock |
| mem, kmem | main memory |
| lo | software loopback network interface |
| lp | line printer |
| lta | Local Area Terminal server (LAT) driver |
| kmem, mem | main memory |
| mt | TM78/TU-78 MASSBUS magtape interface |
| mtio | UNIX magtape interface |
| null | data sink |
| pcl | DEC CSS PCL-11 B Network Interface |
| ps | Evans and Sutherland Picture System 2 graphics device interface |
| pty | pseudo terminal driver |
| rx | DEC RX02 floppy disk interface |
| sccsfile | format of SCCS file |
| tm | TM-11/TE-10 magtape interface |
| tmscp | TK50 magtape interface |
| ts | TS-11 magtape interface |
| tty | general terminal interface |
| tu | VAX-11/730 and VAX-11/750 TU58 console cassette interface |
| uda | UDA-50, RQDX1, RQDX2 disk controller interface . |
| un | Ungermann-Bass interface |
| up | unibus storage module controller/drives |
| ut | UNIBUS TU45 tri-density tape drive interface |
| uu | TU58/DECtape II UNIBUS cassette interface |
| va | Benson-Varian interface |
| vp | Versatec interface |
| vv | Proteon proNET 10 Megabit ring |
| ac | login accounting |
| sa, accton | system accounting |
| adduser | procedure for adding new users |
| analyze | Virtual UNIX postmortem crash analyzer |
| arcv | convert archives to new format |
| bad144 | read/write dec standard 144 bad sector information |
| badsect | create files to contain bad sectors |
| bugfiler | file bug reports in folders automatically |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual |
| chown | change owner |
| chpt | change a disk partition table |
| clri | clear i-node |
| config | build system configuration files |
| cron | clock daemon |
| dcheck | file system directory consistency check |
| diskpart | calculate default disk partition sizes |
| dmesg | collect system diagnostic messages to form error log |
| drtest | standalone disk test program |
| dump | incremental file system dump |
| dumpfs | dump file system information |
| edquota | edit user quotas |
| fasthalt, fastboot | reboot/halt the system without checking the disks |
| flcopy | |
| fsck | file system consistency check and interactive repair |
| getty | set terminal mode |
| halt | stop the processor |
| htable | convert NIC standard format host tables |
| icheck | file system storage consistency check |
| init | process control initialization |
| intro | introduction to system maintenance and operation commands |
| kgmon | generate a dump of the operating system’s profile buffers |
| lcp | Local Area Terminal server (LAT) control program |
| lpc | line printer control program |
| lpd | line printer daemon |
| makedev | make system special files |
| makekey | generate encryption key |
| mkfs | construct a file system |
| mklost+found | make a lost+found directory for fsck |
| mknod | build special file |
| mkproto | construct a prototype file system |
| umount, mount | mount and dismount file system |
| ncheck | generate names from i-numbers |
| newfs | construct a new file system |
| opser | operator services utility |
| pac | printer/ploter accounting information |
| pstat | print system facts |
| quot | summarize file system ownership |
| quotacheck | file system quota consistency checker |
| quotaon, quotaoff | turn file system quotas on and off |
| quotaoff, quotaon | turn file system quotas on and off |
| rc | command script for auto-reboot and daemons |
| reboot | UNIX bootstrapping procedures |
| renice | alter priority of running processes |
| repquota | summarize quotas for a file system |
| restore | incremental file system restore |
| accton, sa | system accounting |
| savecore | save a core dump of the operating system |
| sendmail | send mail over the internet |
| shutdown | close down the system at a given time |
| sticky | executable files with persistent text |
| swapon | specify additional device for paging and swapping |
| sync | update the super block |
| syslog | log systems messages |
| tunefs | tune up an existing file system |
| mount, umount | mount and dismount file system |
| update | periodically update the super block |
| vipw | edit the password file |