Using and Porting GNU CC

• 1. Compile C, C++, or Objective C
• 2. GNU CC Command Options
  • 2.1 Option Summary
  • 2.2 Options Controlling the Kind of Output
  • 2.3 Compiling C++ Programs
  • 2.4 Options Controlling C Dialect
  • 2.5 Options Controlling C++ Dialect
  • 2.6 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
  • 2.7 Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU CC
  • 2.8 Options That Control Optimization
  • 2.9 Options Controlling the Preprocessor
  • 2.10 Passing Options to the Assembler
  • 2.11 Options for Linking
  • 2.12 Options for Directory Search
  • 2.13 Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version
  • 2.14 Hardware Models and Configurations
    • 2.14.1 M680x0 Options
    • 2.14.2 VAX Options
    • 2.14.3 SPARC Options
    • 2.14.4 Convex Options
    • 2.14.5 AMD29K Options
    • 2.14.6 ARM Options
    • 2.14.7 Thumb Options
    • 2.14.8 MN10200 Options
    • 2.14.9 MN10300 Options
    • 2.14.10 M32R/D/X Options
    • 2.14.11 M88K Options
    • 2.14.12 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
    • 2.14.13 IBM RT Options
    • 2.14.14 MIPS Options
    • 2.14.15 Intel 386 Options
    • 2.14.16 HPPA Options
    • 2.14.17 Intel 960 Options
    • 2.14.18 DEC Alpha Options
    • 2.14.19 Clipper Options
    • 2.14.20 H8/300 Options
    • 2.14.21 SH Options
    • 2.14.22 Options for System V
    • 2.14.23 Zilog Z8000 Option
    • 2.14.24 V850 Options
    • 2.14.25 ARC Options
    • 2.14.26 D10V Options
  • 2.15 Options for Code Generation Conventions
  • 2.16 Offset info Option
  • 2.17 Environment Variables Affecting GNU CC
  • 2.18 Running Protoize
• 3. Installing GNU CC
  • 3.1 Configurations Supported by GNU CC
  • 3.2 Compilation in a Separate Directory
  • 3.3 Building and Installing a Cross-Compiler
    • 3.3.1 Steps of Cross-Compilation
    • 3.3.2 Configuring a Cross-Compiler
    • 3.3.3 Tools and Libraries for a Cross-Compiler
    • 3.3.4 `libgcc.a' and Cross-Compilers
    • 3.3.5 Cross-Compilers and Header Files
    • 3.3.6 Actually Building the Cross-Compiler
  • 3.4 Installing GNU CC on the Sun
  • 3.5 Installing GNU CC on VMS
  • 3.6 collect2
  • 3.7 Standard Header File Directories
• 4. Extensions to the C Language Family
  • 4.1 Statements and Declarations in Expressions
  • 4.2 Locally Declared Labels
  • 4.3 Labels as Values
  • 4.4 Nested Functions
  • 4.5 Constructing Function Calls
  • 4.6 Naming an Expression's Type
  • 4.7 Referring to a Type with typeof
  • 4.8 Generalized Lvalues
  • 4.9 Conditionals with Omitted Operands
  • 4.10 Double-Word Integers
  • 4.11 Complex Numbers
  • 4.12 Arrays of Length Zero
  • 4.13 Arrays of Variable Length
  • 4.14 Macros with Variable Numbers of Arguments
  • 4.15 Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts
  • 4.16 Arithmetic on void- and Function-Pointers
  • 4.17 Non-Constant Initializers
  • 4.18 Constructor Expressions
  • 4.19 Labeled Elements in Initializers
  • 4.20 Case Ranges
  • 4.21 Cast to a Union Type
  • 4.22 Declaring Attributes of Functions
  • 4.23 Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions
  • 4.24 Compiling Functions for Interrupt Calls
  • 4.25 C++ Style Comments
  • 4.26 Dollar Signs in Identifier Names
  • 4.27 The Character ESC in Constants
  • 4.28 Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables
  • 4.29 Specifying Attributes of Variables
  • 4.30 Specifying Attributes of Types
  • 4.31 An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro
  • 4.32 Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands
  • 4.33 Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code
  • 4.34 Variables in Specified Registers
    • 4.34.1 Defining Global Register Variables
    • 4.34.2 Specifying Registers for Local Variables
  • 4.35 Alternate Keywords
  • 4.36 Incomplete enum Types
  • 4.37 Function Names as Strings
  • 4.38 Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function
• 5. Extensions to the C++ Language
  • 5.1 Named Return Values in C++
  • 5.2 Minimum and Maximum Operators in C++
  • 5.3 goto and Destructors in GNU C++
  • 5.4 Declarations and Definitions in One Header
  • 5.5 Where's the Template?
  • 5.6 Type Abstraction using Signatures
• 6. gcov: a Test Coverage Program
  • 6.1 Introduction to gcov
  • 6.2 Invoking gcov
  • 6.3 Using gcov with GCC Optimization
  • 6.4 Brief description of gcov data files
• 7. Known Causes of Trouble with GNU CC
  • 7.1 Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet
  • 7.2 Installation Problems
  • 7.3 Cross-Compiler Problems
  • 7.4 Interoperation
  • 7.5 Problems Compiling Certain Programs
  • 7.6 Incompatibilities of GNU CC
  • 7.7 Fixed Header Files
  • 7.8 Standard Libraries
  • 7.9 Disappointments and Misunderstandings
  • 7.10 Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
    • 7.10.1 Declare and Define Static Members
    • 7.10.2 Temporaries May Vanish Before You Expect
  • 7.11 Caveats of using protoize
  • 7.12 Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make
  • 7.13 Warning Messages and Error Messages
• 8. Reporting Bugs
  • 8.1 Have You Found a Bug?
  • 8.2 Where to Report Bugs
  • 8.3 How to Report Bugs
  • 8.4 Sending Patches for GNU CC
• 9. How To Get Help with GNU CC
• 10. Contributing to GNU CC Development
• 11. Using GNU CC on VMS
  • 11.1 Include Files and VMS
  • 11.2 Global Declarations and VMS
  • 11.3 Other VMS Issues
• 12. GNU CC and Portability
• 13. Interfacing to GNU CC Output
• 14. Passes and Files of the Compiler
• 15. RTL Representation
  • 15.1 RTL Object Types
  • 15.2 Access to Operands
  • 15.3 Flags in an RTL Expression
  • 15.4 Machine Modes
  • 15.5 Constant Expression Types
  • 15.6 Registers and Memory
  • 15.7 RTL Expressions for Arithmetic
  • 15.8 Comparison Operations
  • 15.9 Bit Fields
  • 15.10 Conversions
  • 15.11 Declarations
  • 15.12 Side Effect Expressions
  • 15.13 Embedded Side-Effects on Addresses
  • 15.14 Assembler Instructions as Expressions
  • 15.15 Insns
  • 15.16 RTL Representation of Function-Call Insns
  • 15.17 Structure Sharing Assumptions
  • 15.18 Reading RTL
• 16. Machine Descriptions
  • 16.1 Everything about Instruction Patterns
  • 16.2 Example of define_insn
  • 16.3 RTL Template
  • 16.4 Output Templates and Operand Substitution
  • 16.5 C Statements for Assembler Output
  • 16.6 Operand Constraints
    • 16.6.1 Simple Constraints
    • 16.6.2 Multiple Alternative Constraints
    • 16.6.3 Register Class Preferences
    • 16.6.4 Constraint Modifier Characters
    • 16.6.5 Constraints for Particular Machines
    • 16.6.6 Not Using Constraints
  • 16.7 Standard Pattern Names For Generation
  • 16.8 When the Order of Patterns Matters
  • 16.9 Interdependence of Patterns
  • 16.10 Defining Jump Instruction Patterns
  • 16.11 Canonicalization of Instructions
  • 16.12 Machine-Specific Peephole Optimizers
  • 16.13 Defining RTL Sequences for Code Generation
  • 16.14 Defining How to Split Instructions
  • 16.15 Instruction Attributes
    • 16.15.1 Defining Attributes and their Values
    • 16.15.2 Attribute Expressions
    • 16.15.3 Assigning Attribute Values to Insns
    • 16.15.4 Example of Attribute Specifications
    • 16.15.5 Computing the Length of an Insn
    • 16.15.6 Constant Attributes
    • 16.15.7 Delay Slot Scheduling
    • 16.15.8 Specifying Function Units
• 17. Target Description Macros
  • 17.1 Controlling the Compilation Driver, `gcc'
  • 17.2 Run-time Target Specification
  • 17.3 Storage Layout
  • 17.4 Layout of Source Language Data Types
  • 17.5 Register Usage
    • 17.5.1 Basic Characteristics of Registers
    • 17.5.2 Order of Allocation of Registers
    • 17.5.3 How Values Fit in Registers
    • 17.5.4 Handling Leaf Functions
    • 17.5.5 Registers That Form a Stack
    • 17.5.6 Obsolete Macros for Controlling Register Usage
  • 17.6 Register Classes
  • 17.7 Stack Layout and Calling Conventions
    • 17.7.1 Basic Stack Layout
    • 17.7.2 Specifying How Stack Checking is Done
    • 17.7.3 Registers That Address the Stack Frame
    • 17.7.4 Eliminating Frame Pointer and Arg Pointer
    • 17.7.5 Passing Function Arguments on the Stack
    • 17.7.6 Passing Arguments in Registers
    • 17.7.7 How Scalar Function Values Are Returned
    • 17.7.8 How Large Values Are Returned
    • 17.7.9 Caller-Saves Register Allocation
    • 17.7.10 Function Entry and Exit
    • 17.7.11 Generating Code for Profiling
  • 17.8 Implementing the Varargs Macros
  • 17.9 Trampolines for Nested Functions
  • 17.10 Implicit Calls to Library Routines
  • 17.11 Addressing Modes
  • 17.12 Condition Code Status
  • 17.13 Describing Relative Costs of Operations
  • 17.14 Dividing the Output into Sections (Texts, Data, ...)
  • 17.15 Position Independent Code
  • 17.16 Defining the Output Assembler Language
    • 17.16.1 The Overall Framework of an Assembler File
    • 17.16.2 Output of Data
    • 17.16.3 Output of Uninitialized Variables
    • 17.16.4 Output and Generation of Labels
    • 17.16.5 How Initialization Functions Are Handled
    • 17.16.6 Macros Controlling Initialization Routines
    • 17.16.7 Output of Assembler Instructions
    • 17.16.8 Output of Dispatch Tables
    • 17.16.9 Assembler Commands for Exception Regions
    • 17.16.10 Assembler Commands for Alignment
  • 17.17 Controlling Debugging Information Format
    • 17.17.1 Macros Affecting All Debugging Formats
    • 17.17.2 Specific Options for DBX Output
    • 17.17.3 Open-Ended Hooks for DBX Format
    • 17.17.4 File Names in DBX Format
    • 17.17.5 Macros for SDB and DWARF Output
  • 17.18 Cross Compilation and Floating Point
  • 17.19 Miscellaneous Parameters
• 18. The Configuration File
• 19. Makefile Fragments
  • 19.1 The Target Makefile Fragment
  • 19.2 The Host Makefile Fragment
• Funding Free Software
• Linux and the GNU Project
• GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
  • Preamble
  • TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
  • How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
• Contributors to GNU CC
• Index

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