ls(1) (BSD Compatibility Package) ls(1)
NAME
ls - list the contents of a directory
SYNOPSIS
/usr/ucb/ls [ -aAcCdfFgilLqrRstu1 ] filename ...
DESCRIPTION
For each filename which is a directory, ls lists the contents of the
directory; for each filename which is a file, ls repeats its name and
any other information requested. By default, the output is sorted
alphabetically. When no argument is given, the current directory is
listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments are first
sorted appropriately, but file arguments are processed before
directories and their contents.
Permissions Field
The mode printed under the -l option contains 10 characters
interpreted as follows. If the first character is:
d entry is a directory;
b entry is a block-type special file;
c entry is a character-type special file;
l entry is a symbolic link;
p entry is a FIFO (also known as named pipe) special file;
s entry is an AFUNIX address family socket, or
- entry is a plain file.
The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits
each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the next refers to
permissions to others in the same user-group; and the last refers to
all others. Within each set the three characters indicate permission
respectively to read, to write, or to execute the file as a program.
For a directory, execute permission is interpreted to mean permission
to search the directory. The permissions are indicated as follows:
r the file is readable;
w the file is writable;
x the file is executable;
- the indicated permission is not granted.
The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file has
the set-group-id bit set; likewise the owner-execute permission
character is given as s if the file has the set-user-id bit set.
The last character of the mode (normally x or `-') is true if the
1000 bit of the mode is on. See chmod(1) for the meaning of this
mode. The indications of set-ID and 1000 bits of the mode are
capitalized (S and T respectively) if the corresponding execute
permission is not set.
When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count
of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed. The following
options are available:
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ls(1) (BSD Compatibility Package) ls(1)
-a List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose
names begin with a `.' are not listed (except for the
privileged user, for whom ls normally prints even files that
begin with a `.').
-A Same as -a, except that `.' and `..' are not listed.
-c Use time of last edit (or last mode change) for sorting or
printing.
-C Force multi-column output, with entries sorted down the
columns; for ls, this is the default when output is to a
terminal.
-d If argument is a directory, list only its name (not its
contents); often used with -l to get the status of a directory.
-f Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list
the name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s,
and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which
entries appear in the directory.
-F Mark directories with a trailing slash (`/'), executable files
with a trailing asterisk (`*'), symbolic links with a trailing
at-sign (`@'), and AFUNIX address family sockets with a
trailing equals sign (`=').
-g For ls, show the group ownership of the file in a long output.
-i For each file, print the i-node number in the first column of
the report.
-l List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size
in bytes, and time of last modification for each file. If the
file is a special file the size field will instead contain the
major and minor device numbers. If the time of last
modification is greater than six months ago, it is shown in the
format `month date year'; files modified within six months show
`month date time'. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname
of the linked-to file is printed preceded by `->'.
-L If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
link references rather than the link itself.
-q Display non-graphic characters in filenames as the character ?;
for ls, this is the default when output is to a terminal.
-r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest
first as appropriate.
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ls(1) (BSD Compatibility Package) ls(1)
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-s Give size of each file, including any indirect blocks used to
map the file, in kilobytes.
-t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name.
-u Use time of last access instead of last modification for
sorting (with the -t option) and/or printing (with the -l
option).
-1 Force one entry per line output format; this is the default
when output is not to a terminal.
FILES
/etc/passwd to get user ID's for `ls -l' and `ls -o'.
/etc/group to get group ID for `ls -g'
NOTES
NEWLINE and TAB are considered printing characters in filenames.
The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is
undesirable as `ls -s' is much different than `ls -s | lpr'. On the
other hand, not doing this setting would make old shell scripts which
used ls almost certain losers.
Unprintable characters in file names may confuse the columnar output
options.
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