SED(1)
NAME
sed − stream editor
USAGE
sed [ −n ] [ −e script ] [ −f sfile ] [ file ] ...
DESCRIPTION
Sed copies the named files (the default is standard input) to the standard output, edited according to a script of commands.
A script consists of editing commands, one per line, of the following form:
[address [, address] ] function [arguments]
In normal operation, sed cyclically copies a line of input into a pattern space; applies in sequence all commands whose addresses select that pattern space; and, at the end of the script, copies the pattern space to the standard output and deletes the pattern space.
Both addresses and functions are described in detail following an explanation of the options which you may apply to sed.
OPTIONS
−f sfile Take the script from file sfile. This option accumulates.
−e script Use script as the script of commands used by sed. If you specify only one −e option and no −f options as well, sed may omit that −e option.
−n Suppress the default output.
ADDRESSES
An address is either a decimal number that counts input lines cumulatively across files; a dollar sign ($) that addresses the last line of input; or a context address, /regular expression/, in the style of ed(1) with the following modifications:
The escape sequence \n matches a newline embedded in the pattern space.
A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
A command line with one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.
A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first pattern space that matches the first address through the next pattern space that matches the second. If the second address is a number less than or equal to the line number first selected, sed selects only one line. Thereafter, the process repeats, again searching for the first address.
FUNCTIONS
In the following list of functions, the maximum number of permissible addresses for each function is indicated in parentheses before the function.
An argument denoted text consists of one or more lines, all but the last of which end with a backslash (\) to hide the newline. Sed treats backslashes in text like backslashes in the replacement string of an s command, and protects initial blanks and tabs against the stripping that is done on every script line.
An argument denoted rfile or wfile must terminate the command line and must be preceded by exactly one blank. Sed creates each wfile before processing begins. There can be at most 10 distinct wfile arguments.
Editing commands only pertain to nonselected pattern spaces. To use them, you must apply the negation function (!).
(1)a\
text Append. Place text on the output before reading the next input line.
(2)b label Branch to the colon (:) command bearing the label. If label is empty, branch to the end of the script.
(2)c\
text Change. Delete the pattern space. With a 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place text on the output. Start the next cycle.
(2)d Delete the pattern space. Start the next cycle.
(2)D Delete the initial segment of the pattern space through the first newline. Start the next cycle.
(2)g Replace the contents of the pattern space with the contents of the hold space.
(2)G Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
(2)h Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the pattern space.
(2)H Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
(1)i\
text Insert. Place text on the standard output.
(2)n Copy the pattern space to the standard output. Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.
(2)N Append the next line of input to the pattern space with an embedded newline. (The current line number changes.)
(2)p Print. Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
(2)P Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through the first newline to the standard output.
(1)q Quit. Branch to the end of the script. Do not start a new cycle.
(2)r rfile Read the contents of rfile. Place them on the output before reading the next input line.
(2)s/regular expression/replacement/flags
Substitute the replacement string for instances of the regular expression in the pattern space. Any character may be used instead of a slash (/). For a more complete description, refer to ed(1). Flags is zero or more of:
g Global. Substitute for all nonoverlapping instances of the regular expression rather than just the first one.
p Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
w wfile
Write. Append the pattern space to wfile if a replacement was made.
(2)t label Test. Branch to the colon (:) command bearing the label if any substitutions have been made since the most recent reading of an input line or execution of a t. If label is empty, branch to the end of the script.
(2)w wfile Write. Append the pattern space to wfile.
(2)x Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
(2)y/string1/string2/
Transform. Replace all occurrences of characters in string1 with the corresponding characters in string2. The lengths of string1 and string2 must be equal.
(2)! function
Apply the function (or group, if function is {) only to lines not selected by the address(es).
(0): label This command does nothing; it bears a label to which b and t commands branch.
(1)= Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
(2){ Execute the following commands through a matching } only when the pattern space is selected.
(0) An empty command is ignored.