NAME

od − octal, decimal, hex, ASCII dump

USAGE

od [ format ] [ file ] [ [+] offset [.][b] [ label ] ]

DESCRIPTION

Od displays file, or its standard input, in one or more dump formats as selected by the first argument. If the first argument is missing, −o is the default.  Dumping continues until end-of-file. 

FORMAT ARGUMENTS

The meanings of the format argument characters are as stated below.  An uppercase format character implies the long- or double-precision form of the object. 

−a [p] [P] Interpret bytes as characters and display them with their ASCII names.  If you also supply a p character, bytes with even parity are underlined.  The P character causes bytes with odd parity to be underlined.  Otherwise, od ignores the parity bit. 

−b Interpret bytes as unsigned octal. 

−c Interpret bytes as ASCII characters.  Certain nongraphic characters appear as C escapes.  These are: null=\0, backspace=\b, form feed=\f, newline=\n, return=\r, and tab=\t.  Others appear as three-digit octal numbers.  Od displays bytes with the parity bit set in octal. 

−d Interpret (short) words as unsigned decimal. 

−f Interpret long words as floating point. 

−h Interpret (short) words as unsigned hexadecimal. 

−i Interpret (short) words as signed decimal. 

−l Interpret long words as signed decimal. 

−o Interpret (short) words as unsigned octal. 

s [n] Look for strings of ASCII graphic characters, terminated with a null byte.  The n argument specifies the minimum length string to be recognized.  By default, the minimum length is three characters. 

−v Show all data. By default, display lines that are identical to the last line shown are not output, but are indicated with an asterisk (*) in column 1. 

−w [n] Specify the number of input bytes to be interpreted and displayed on each output line. If you do not specify this option, od reads 16 bytes for each display line.  The default for n is 32. 

−x Interpret (short) words as hexadecimal. 

OFFSET ARGUMENTS

The offset argument specifies the byte offset into the file where dumping is to commence.  By default, od interprets this argument in octal.  You may specify a different radix.  If you append a period to the argument, od interprets the offset in decimal.  If offset begins with x or 0x, od interprets it in hexadecimal.  If b (B) is appended, it interprets the offset as a block count, where a block is 512 (1024) bytes.  If you omit the file argument, you must precede an offset argument by a plus sign (+). 

The radix of the displayed address is the same as the radix of the offset, if specified; otherwise, it is octal.

LABEL ARGUMENTS

Od interprets label as a pseudo-address for the first byte displayed.  Shown in parentheses following the file offset, label is best used with core images to indicate the real memory address.  The syntax for label is identical to that for offset.

CAUTIONS

A filename argument cannot begin with a plus sign (+). 

A hexadecimal offset cannot be a block count. 

Only one filename argument can be given.